044a 0.132 ± 0.022a 0.196 ± 0.027a 0.160 ± 0.044a 13 0.153 ± 0.020 0.031 ± 0.018a 0.059 ± 0.020a 0.045 ± 0.021a 0.070 ± 0.029a 0.040 ± 0.029a 0.054 ± 0.029a click here 14 0.012 ± 0.003 0.038 ± 0.008a 0.031 ± 0.007a 0.049 ± 0.009a 0.032 ± 0.005a 0.043 ± 0.009a 0.037 ± 0.007a 15 0.051 ± 0.008 0.135 ± 0.027a

0.109 ± 0.018a 0.126 ± 0.013a 0.122 ± 0.024a 0.147 ± 0.022a 0.114 ± 0.017a 16 0.021 ± 0.003 0.055 ± 0.007a 0.051 ± 0.012a 0.053 ± 0.011a 0.490 ± 0.007a 0.046 ± 0.008a 0.042 ± 0.004a 17 0.036 ± 0.009 0.088 ± 0.015a 0.079 ± 0.013a 0.105 ± 0.009a 0.0105 ± 0.025a 0.102 ± 0.030a 0.108 ± 0.015a The rats were exposed to three types of nanomaterials: SiO2, Fe3O4, and SWCNTs. All the 17 spots have higher expression in the groups exposed to the three nanomaterials than in the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dibutyryl-camp-bucladesine.html control group (p < 0.05), and there is no significant difference between two doses of the same nanomaterial (p > 0.05). aCompared with the control group, p < 0.05. MALDI-TOF MS and Mascot searching Differentially expressed protein spots were in situ digested with trypsin and analyzed by MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/MS. Using the Mascot search engine, 17 protein spots were successfully identified, 11 proteins in female rats, 5 proteins in male rats, and 1 protein (transgelin

2) both in female and male rats. The matched proteins in the database were mainly from Rattus. Analysis of the protein expression LY2874455 clinical trial using ImageMaster 2D Platinum software and comparison of protein expression to between nanomaterial-treated groups and control group were done. High-quality PMF, the MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry map, and database results are shown in Figure  3. The identified proteins were

then matched to specific biological processes or functions by searching Gene Ontology (GO terms) using Uniprot/Swissprot database and submitted to Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. We classified these proteins manually to a variety of cellular biological processes, such as immunity, ion channel regulation, oxidative stress, metabolism, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal development. Figure 3 The results of MALDI-TOF MS in 17 different spots. The peptide mass fingerprinting of identified proteins were matched to specific biological processes or functions by searching Gene Ontology using Uniprot/Swissprot database. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis Transgelin 2 gene expression was also named SM22α, analyzed by quantitative PCR across all treatment groups (nano-SiO2, nano-Fe3O4, SWCNTs) (Figure  4A). Transgelin 2 gene expression was significantly increased at all doses of nanomaterial exposure, except low-dose nano-Fe3O4, compared with the control group (p < 0.05), but the majority of nanomaterial groups showed almost no significant difference between high-dose and low-dose groups. Transgelin 2 mRNA levels were increased the most by high-dose SWCNT exposure. Figure 4 Real-time PCR (A) and Western blot (B) analysis of selected genes: SM22α, Transgelin 2. Bars represent the relative fold changes compared with controls.