campestris pv. campestris. This led already to the discovery of an unexpected wealth of TonB-dependent receptors [62]. A detailed genomic analysis revealed now the ZD1839 mouse presence of further genes coding for components of TonB systems (Figure 1A). In total, five copies of tonB, two copies of exbB and four copies PR-171 solubility dmso of exbD were identified within the genome. Downstream of the previously characterized tonB-exbB-exbD1-exbD2 genes, which are located close to the chromosomal origin of replication, a third exbD gene was identified (Figure 1B). While the presence of different TonB-dependent receptors has been attributed

to their distinct binding specificities, where different molecules are bound at the outer cell surface to be either transported inside or to signal their presence to the cell interior, so far it has been assumed that only one set of tonB-exbB-exbD genes is required to build a TonB protein complex this website that interacts with all the different TonB-dependent receptors. Results of previous mutational analyses [64] suggest that the newly identified genes of TonB system core components are not involved in iron uptake. To shed more light on the multiplicity of these genes, we concentrated on analyzing the function of exbD2, which had already been shown to be involved in plant interaction, despite being not important for iron uptake [66]. A genomic comparison showed that this gene was present

and well conserved in all complete Xanthomonas genomes (Additional file 1). Figure 1 Genomic organization of the TonB-related genes in X. campestris pv. campestris B100. (A) A circular genome plot indicates the locations of the TonB-related genes on the chromosome. The core of the TonB system is encoded by the genes tonB, exbB and exbD. In X. campestris pv. campestris B100 multiple isoforms of these genes were identified. Their genomic

locations on the circular chromosome are indicated. So far, this multiplicity was only known for tonB genes in Pseudomonas[68] and for the exbD genes in Flavobacterium psychrophilum, where two paralogous from genes were found in tandem in a cluster combined with tonB and exbB[64] close to the chromosomal origin of replication (B). Size and direction of transcription is illustrated by arrows for this gene cluster. Genes that were predicted with convincing evidence are symbolized by shaded arrows, while an open arrow indicates a putative protein-coding sequence (CDS) that was predicted with less confidence. Now a third copy of exbD was found downstream of exbD2, separated from exbD2 only by a hypothetical gene for which nor functionality neither expression could be indicated. Further copies of tonB and the genes exbB-exbD were found at different chromosomal positions. To facilitate discriminating the individual genes, unique numbers were added to their names. The exbD2 gene is involved in pectate lyase activity X. campestris pv.

73 5.00 hsa-let-7d ↑ EJ, AP 32 6.82 11.50   ↓ SA, AE 37 7.04 22.50 hsa-miR-26a ABT-263 ic50 ↑ AP 17 5.16 12.00   ↓ AE, AS, SA 131 4.38 30.67 hsa-miR-146a ↑ AE, AS 102 2.08 12.00   ↓ SA 29 3.03 9.00

hsa-miR-708 ↑ AS, NA 254 3.15 43.50   ↓ NB 48 9.26 7.00 hsa-miR-345 ↑ AS 94 1.45 85.00   ↓ EJ, NB 63 12.59 2.50 hsa-miR-376a ↑ EJ 15 7.79 17.00   ↓ AE, AS 102 1.43 28.00 hsa-miR-494 ↑ NA 160 4.23 41.00   ↓ NB, AE 56 3.86 14.50 hsa-miR-423-5p ↑ SA 29 9.03 4.00   ↓ YN, NB 113 2.77 30.00 hsa-miR-365 ↑ SZ 20 1.75 2.00   ↓ AE, AS 102 1.80 17.00 hsa-miR-130a ↑ NB 48 2.00 28.00   ↓ AE, AS 102 1.62 29.50 hsa-miR-132 ↑ AS 94 2.59 18.00   ↓ SZ 20 3.05 1.00 hsa-miR-324-3p ↑ AS 94 1.95 39.00   ↓ NB 48 2.16 50.00 hsa-miR-501-5p ↑ AS 94 1.59 64.00   ↓ NB 48 2.02 52.00 hsa-miR-874 ↑ AS 94 1.49 80.00   ↓ NB 48 2.20 47.00 hsa-miR-518d-3p ↑ AS 94 1.30 103.00   ↓ NA 160 15.35 9.00 hsa-miR-28-3p ↑ AS 94 1.28 104.00   ↓ NB 48 4.49 23.00 hsa-miR-648 ↑ NA 160 8.63 16.00   ↓ NB 48 9.07 8.00 JPH203 research buy hsa-miR-575 ↑ NA 160 7.52 22.00   BIRB 796 ↓ NB 48 4.38 24.00 hsa-miR-877 ↑ NA 160 4.03 43.00   ↓ NB 48 3.48 28.00 hsa-let-7g ↑ NB 48 2.44 21.00   ↓ AE

8 1.06 45.00 Table 5 PDAC meta-signature from the vote-counting strategy (reported consistently in at least five studies) miRNA name No. of studies Mean fold-change Mean rank Up-regulated       hsa-miR-155 8 4.98 12.62 hsa-miR-21 7 2.95 12.29 hsa-miR-100 7 8.07 13.00 hsa-miR-221 7 6.71 11.42 hsa-miR-31 5 5.44 10.00 hsa-miR-10a 5 2.50 14.60 hsa-miR-23a 5 3.46 22.60 hsa-miR-143 5 4.03 9.40 hsa-miR-222 5 2.77 11.20 Down-regulated       hsa-miR-217 5 18.16 4.20 hsa-miR-148a 5 8.03 7.00 hsa-miR-375 5 4.86 unless 9.40 Using the Robust Rank Aggregation method, we identified a statistically significant meta-signature of

7 up- and 3 down-regulated miRNAs in PDAC samples compared to noncancerous pancreatic tissues (Table 6). All meta-signature miRNAs that reached statistical significance after Bonferroni correction were reported by at least 5 datasets. Majority of the meta-signature miRNAs belong to the broadly conserved seed family (conserved across most vertebrates and bony fish). Table 6 PDAC meta-signature from the Robust Rank Aggregation method miRNA name Corrected p-value Permutation p-value No.

These results strengthen the hypothesis of Walk et al., [15], that some strains of E. coli B1 phylo-group are persistent in water and might correspond to strains with an adaptive advantage in water. However, it must be pointed out that in this work, the E. coli A0 isolates (50/213),

without any amplification of the genes chuA, yjaA and the fragment TSPE4.C2, could correspond to the new clades of Escherichia recently described which appear to be environmentally adapted [40]. Conclusions In environmental water, the occurrence of E. coli, a bacterial indicator of fecal contamination, is related to both the use of the watershed by livestock and humans combined and the hydrological conditions [2, 3, 41]. In this study, focused on

a small rural watershed composed of pasture and human occupation, TH-302 solubility dmso we showed that both the number and Ilomastat the structure of the population of E. coli were modified by hydrological conditions and use of the watershed. In this watershed, following rainfall, an increase of fecal contamination was accompanied by a modification of the distribution of phylo-groups in the E. coli population, represented by change in the ratio of A to B1 phylo-groups. E. coli B1 strains were the dominant phylo-group isolated in the water. Among E. coli B1 isolates, some ETs seem to be specific to water that is only slightly contaminated, suggesting different survival abilities among E. coli B1 strains. The results from this study do not question the choice of E. coli as a bacterial indicator of microbial quality of water DCE 2006/7/CE (Excellent quality CFU/100 ml ≤500). They rather indicate that the structure of an E. coli population in water is not stable, but depends on the hydrological conditions, on current use of the watershed land, and on both the origin and intensity of the contamination by fecal bacteria. Methods Study site The study was carried out in the experimental watershed “”Le Bébec”" (Haute Normandie, France) (Figure 1). The Bébec stream 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl drains a small watershed of about 10 km2, of which 95% is classified as agricultural land. The elevation

of the plateau on which Le Bébec is located averages about 100 m. The soils on the plateau consist of silts approximately 10 m thick, and are highly susceptible to crusting, compaction, and erosion, particularly during the autumn and winter. This watershed is located in a temperate zone with an oceanic climate. Annual precipitation during the period of the study was 1012 mm, and the daily average temperature was 10.9°C. Flow in the Bébec varied from 3 l.s-1 in summer dry periods to 15 l.s-1 in winter, and reached up to 500 l.s-1 in response to major winter storms. Water from the creek recharges the underlying chalk aquifer through a swallow hole. The PFT�� price karstified chalk aquifer has been widely studied [38]. When the flow rate in the stream exceeds the infiltration capacity of the swallow hole, the creek water overflows its banks and floods the valley.

The positive expression of LCL161 c-FLIP displayed

in 13/18 (72.22%) samples of Grade I HCC, 20/25 Defactinib mw (80.00%) of Grade II, 18/21 (85.71%) of Grade III, and 21/22(95.45%) of Grade IV class (P < 0.05). But no correlation was found between the expression of c-FLIP and the tumor stage and size. In univariate analysis, c-FLIP expression was not associated with HCC patient survival (P = 0.204). But c-FLIP overexpression (more than 50%, P = 0.036) implied a lesser probability of survival (Figure. 2). The media recurrence-free survival time for patients with c-FLIP overexpression was 14 months compared with 22 months for those without c-FLIP overexpression. Figure 2 Recurrence-free survival in relation to c-FLIP expression. Increased c-FLIP immunoreactivity (c-FLIP overexpression) was associated with shortened survival (Kaplan-Meier curves). Expression of c-FLIP mRNA in different

transfected cells pSuper vector was used for the construction of the recombinant interfering vectors. DNA sequencing of the plasmids verified the successful construction of the c-FLIP RNAi vectors. The three positive plasmids were termed as pSuper-Si1, pSuper-Si2, and pSuper-Si3, containing the distinct siRNA segment respectively. pSuper-Neg, without the interfering segment, was used as the control. We examined expression levels JQEZ5 of c-FLIP mRNA in the transfected cells with different recombinant vectors (named 7721/pSuper-Si1, 7721/pSuper-Si2, 7721/pSuper-Si3

and 7721/pSuper-Neg, respectively), using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. The comparable amplification efficiencies were validated by the uniformity of control β-actin RT-PCR product yields. RT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of c-FLIP mRNA were inhibited in the transfected cells (Figure. 3A), but the expression levels varied between these cells. c-FLIP mRNA expression in 7721/pSuper-Si1 cells was significantly lower than that in the other two transfected cells. Figure 3 Expression of c-FLIP mRNA and protein in the transfected cells. A: c-FLIP mRNA. B: c-FLIP protein. (C: control cells transfected by pSuper-Neg; Si1: 7721 cells transfected by pSuper-Si1; Si2: 7721 cells transfected by pSuper-Si2; Si3: 7721 cells transfected by pSuper-Si3;) Then we examined the Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease effect of siRNA on the expression of c-FLIP protein with Western Blot and immunocytochemical staining. First, c-FLIP protein expression was analyzed by Western blot analysis (Figure. 3B). pSuper-Si1 obviously decreased the expression of c-FLIP protein. The results supported the fact that si-526-siRNA inhibited c-FLIP expression specifically. To further evaluate the effect of siRNA, we studied the c-FLIP protein expression by immunocytochemical staining. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that the primary 7721 cells were strongly immunostained with the anti-c-FLIP antibodies, compared to 7721/pSuper-Si1.

Fluorescent and confocal microscopy and autofluorescence observation Both bright-field and fluorescent images were observed using an Eclipse E600 fluorescent microscope (Nikon, Melville, NY, USA) and recorded using a Penguin

150CL cooled CCD camera (Pixera, Los Gatos, CA, USA), as previously described [58]. Confocal fluorescent images were obtained using both the TCS SL as previously described [24, 59] and SP5 II confocal microscope systems (Leica). The parameters of the TCS SL confocal microscopy were LCL161 mouse set as follows: excitation at 488 nm and emission at 500–530 nm for the detection of GFP, and excitation at 543 nm and emission at 580–650 nm for the detection of red fluorescent Defactinib manufacturer protein (RFP). Intensities of fluorescent images were quantified using UN-SCAN-IT software (Silk Scientific, Orem, UT, USA). The parameters of the TCS SP5 II confocal microscopy were set as follows: excitation at 405 nm and emission at 436–480 nm for the detection of blue fluorescent protein (BFP), and excitation at 488 nm and emission at 498–523 nm for the detection of GFP. For autofluorescence observation, buy JQEZ5 cyanobacteria were treated with either BG-11 medium or 100% methanol for 24 h. The cells were then washed with double deionized water three times followed by microscopic observation. Statistical analysis Results are expressed as mean

± standard deviation (SD). Mean values and SDs were calculated from at least three independent experiments carried out in triplicates in each group. Statistical comparisons between the control and treated groups were performed by the Student’s t-test, using levels of statistical significance of P < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.01 (**), as indicated. Acknowledgements We thank Dr. Hsiu-An Chu (Academia Sinica, Taipei, Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease Taiwan) for provision of cyanobacteria, Dr. Michael B. Elowitz (California Institute of technology, CA, USA) for the pQE8-GFP plasmid, and Core Instrument Center (National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan) for the TCS SP5 II confocal system. We are grateful to

Dr. Robert S. Aronstam (Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA) for editing the manuscript. This work was supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship NSC 101-2811-B-259-001 from the National Science Council of Taiwan (BRL), the Award Number R15EB009530 from the National Institutes of Health (YWH), and the Grant Number NSC 101-2320-B-259-002-MY3 from the National Science Council of Taiwan (HJL). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: Endocytic inhibition in cyanobacteria. (A) Endocytic efficiency in cyanobacteria treated with NEM. Both 6803 and 7942 strains were treated with either 1 mM or 2 mM of NEM, followed by the treatment of GFP. (B) Endocytic efficiency in cyanobacteria treated with various endocytic modulators.

arecae. Zeuctomorpha arecae is widely distributed in tropical regions of East South Asia exclusively on the leaves of Areca catechu (Sivanesan 1984). Phylogenetic study None. Concluding remarks This taxon is unusual amongst the Pleosporaceae as it has hairy superficial ascomata, few pseudoparaphyses, broadly clavate to obclavate asci and 1-septate pigmented ascospores. All of

#AZD1390 cost randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# these morphological characters are most comparable with species of Acantharia, which might be closely related to Venturiaceae (Zhang et al. data unpublished). Muroia I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 33: 79 (1958). (Ascomycota) Generic description Habitat terrestrial, saprobic or parasitic. Ascostromata erumpent through the host surface in linear rows parallel to the host fibers. Ascomata small- to medium-sized, semi-immersed to erumpent, subglobose to rectangular, black, coriaceous, cells of ascostromata pseudoparenchymatous, cells of peridium composed of pigmented cells of Cilengitide cell line textura angularis. Hamathecium of rare, pseudoparaphyses. Asci bitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate. Ascospores oblong to elongated oblong, hyaline, 1-celled, usually slightly curved. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Hino and Katumoto 1958. Type species Muroia nipponica I. Hino & Katum., J. Jap. Bot. 33: 79 (1958). (Fig. 105)

Fig. 105 Muroia nipponica (TNS-F-230252, isotype). a Linear ascostroma parallel to the host fibers. b Crashed ascus with ascospores released. c–e Released hyaline ascospores.

Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b–e = 20 μm Ascostroma 1–6 mm long, 360–470 μm broad, linear parallel to the host fibers with several linearly arranged ascomata (Fig. 105a). Dapagliflozin Ascomata 250–400 μm diam., semi-immersed in substrate to erumpent, subglobose to rectangular with a furrow-shaped ostiole, black, coriaceous, cells of ascostromata pseudoparenchymatous. Peridium composed of pigmented cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of rare, 3–4.5 μm broad pseudoparaphyses. Asci (120-)150–190 × 30–45 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, clavate to cylindro-clavate, with a short, thin, knob-like pedicel, lacking an ocular chamber (Fig. 105b). Ascospores 43–50 × 13–18 μm (\( \barx = 46.6 \times 15.2 \mu \textm \), n = 10), biseriate, oblong to elongated oblong, hyaline, 1-celled, usually slightly curved (Fig. 105c,d and e). Anamorph: none reported. Material examined: JAPAN, Province Ugo. on moribund culm of Sasa kurilensis, 4 Aug. 1957, coll. H. Muroi, Det. I. Hino & K. Katumoto (TNS-F-230252, isotype). Notes Morphology Muroia was introduced based on M. nipponica, which is a parasite on the lower part of Sasa kurilensis (Hino and Katumoto 1958). Muroia is characterized by its 1-celled ascospores.

FTIR spectroscopy analysis Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is commonly used to better understand the local nano-microenvironment of the ligands at the QD surface. In some cases, it has proven to be the most important technique for the characterization of the interactions between the ligand and the quantum dot [35, 44]. The FTIR spectrum of chitosan copolymer (Additional file 1: Figure S1) presents absorption peaks at 1,645 and 1,560 cm-1 which are https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html assigned to the carbonyl stretching of the secondary amides (amide I band) and the N-H bending vibrations of the deacetylated primary amine

(-NH2) and amide II band, respectively. NH vibrations (stretching) also occur within the 3,400 to 3,200 cm-1 region overlapping the OH stretch from the carbohydrate ring. In addition, the absorptions at 1,030

to 1,040 cm-1 and 1,080 to 1,100 cm-1 indicate the C-O stretching vibration in chitosan, which are associated with the C6-OH primary alcohol and the C3-OH secondary alcohol, respectively [6, 19, 45]. These amine, amide and hydroxyl groups are the most reactive Wnt/beta-catenin inhibitor sites of chitosan and are involved in the chemical modifications of this carbohydrate and in the interactions of chitosan with cations and anions [46, 47]. After conjugating the quantum dots with the capping biopolymer (curves (b) in Figure 5 and Additional file 2: Figure S2), there were several bands of chitosan in the FTIR spectra (curves (a) in Figure 5 and Additional file 2: Figure S2) that exhibited changes in their energies (i.e. wavenumber). These changes can be mainly attributed to the interactions occurring between the functional groups of the chitosan ligand (amine/acetamide and hydroxyls) and the ZnS Phospholipase D1 QDs. For example, in the spectra of the bioconjugated QDs (Figure 5), the amide I band (1,650 cm-1) shifted to a lower wavenumber by 7 cm-1 for the ZnS nanoconjugates synthesised at pH 4.0 and 6.0. The amine band (bending NH, at 1,560 cm-1) was ‘red-shifted’ (i.e. shifted to a lower energy) by approximately 6 cm-1 for QD_ZnS_6 and 9 cm-1 for QD_ZnS_4. A significant STA-9090 solubility dmso change was also observed in the region from 1,000 to 1,200 cm-1, which was

essentially associated with -OH groups (alcohol groups). The band associated with the primary alcohol (C6-OH) vibration was red-shifted by 13 cm-1 for QD_ZnS_6 and 18 cm-1 for QD_ZnS_4. The peak assigned to C3-OH (secondary alcohol) stretching shifted its position to a lower energy by 38 cm-1 for QD_ZnS_6 and 15 cm-1 for QD_ZnS_4. Figure 5C summarises the red shift of bands related to functional groups of chitosan after bioconjugation as a function of pH. Additionally, at all the pH concentrations under evaluation, the wide peak of chitosan at 3,385 cm-1 (Additional file 3: Figure S3), corresponding to the stretching vibration of -NH2 and -OH groups, became significantly narrower after stabilisation of the quantum dots. This peak narrowing indicates the reduction of ‘free’ amine groups after quantum dot stabilisation [35].

J Microbiol Methods 2000, 42:97–114.PubMedCrossRef 39. Porter J, Edwards C, Pickup RW: Rapid assessment of physiological status in Escherichia coli using fluorescent probes. J Appl Bacteriol 1995, 79:399–408.PubMedCrossRef 40. Novo D, Perlmutter NG, Hunt RH, Shapiro HM: Accurate flow cytometric membrane potential measurement in bacteria using diethyloxacarbocyanine and ratiometric technique. Cytometry 1999, 35:55–63.PubMedCrossRef 41. Joux F, Lebaron P: Use of fluorescent probes

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A weak photoactivity of pristine ATO nanotube in 400 to 600 nm could be ascribed to fluorine doping during anodization in NH4F-containing electrolytes [9, 31]. In addition, a slightly enhanced photocurrent can also be observed in the visible range (410 to 600 nm) on ATO-H-10 electrode (inset of Figure  3c). The SCH727965 oxygen vacancy states are generally localized with energies of 0.75 to 1.18 eV below the conduction band, which is lower than the redox potential for hydrogen evolution [32, 33], while a high vacancy click here concentration could produce shallow donor levels just below the conduction band, which

in turn provides enough energy for water splitting [34]. The experimental results suggest the formation of shallow levels which is responsible for the slightly enhanced visible

light activity. Further insight into the TiO2 characteristics is conducted by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in the frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. Figure  4a shows the Nyquist plot of ATO and ATO-H-10 electrodes in dark condition. learn more The intercepts of both plots on the real axis is less than 4 Ω, representing the conductivity of the electrolyte (R s). In contrast with the large semicircle diameter of pristine ATO electrode, an extremely small semicircle diameter for ATO-H-10 electrode (inset of Figure  4a) indicates a much improved electrode conductivity with significantly low charge transfer resistance [35]. Figure 4 Nyquist plots and TRPL spectra. (a) Nyquist plots of electrochemical impedance spectra for ATO and ATO-H-10. (b) TRPL spectra of pristine ATO and ATO-H-10 films. It is known that PEC performance of the electrode is determined by charge separation and transfer process. Besides offering increased donor states, the introduced defect states would also serve as recombination centers for electron–hole pairs and consequently inhibit the charge collection.

The visible luminescence band of anatase TiO2 is caused by donor-acceptor recombination, which is closely related to both trapped electrons and trapped holes [36]. In the nanocrystalline electrode, photoexcited carriers are readily captured in the inherent trap states. Trapping and thermally detrapping mechanisms will determine the slow decay process [37]. It is believed that the inherent shallow trap states in pristine ATO, serving as electron trapping sites, GBA3 mainly contribute to the slow decay process. Subsequently, electrochemical hydrogenation could introduce more defect states into shallow energy levels to capture excited electrons, which will prolong the relaxation processes with the corresponding longer lifetime. The dynamic characteristics of photogenerated carriers are revealed by room-temperature TRPL spectroscopy. Figure  4b displays the TRPL curves of the different electrodes recorded at 413 nm with a 375-nm pulsed laser as excitation source. The ATO-H-10 electrode shows a somewhat longer lifetime compared with the pristine ATO electrode.

This paradigm shift supports the need for increased understanding of baseline microbiology associated with foods – especially foods with a history of vectoring disease. Our description of the complex consortia of microbes associated with anatomical organs of Solanum lycopersicum provides an interesting baseline for APO866 Virginia DAPT grown tomatoes that can be used to improve risk assessments

for this crop. Future analyses with additional bio-geographical data sets of Solanum lycopersicum microflora will help to identify whether or not a “core” microbiome can be ascribed to tomato and if native flora serve as point source contamination or in an ecologically supportive capacity in the flow of pathogens through an agricultural environment. Conclusions It was interesting to observe that distinct groupings and taxa could be ascribed to specific tomato plant organs (Figure

7), while at the same time, a gradient of compositional similarity was correlated to the distance of each plant part from the soil (Figure 2). The latter observation suggests that the observed microflora was influenced by the environment, while the phenomenon of anatomically distinct taxa suggests that the plant niches themselves may PRIMA-1MET be important drivers of microbial community composition. Future work with increased sample sizes and expanded biogeographical regions will help provide higher resolution answers to which influences are most significant to tomato microbial ecology. Figure 7 Taxonomic distribution of representative genera on the

tomato plant using 16S with SitePainter. Images display the geographical location of observed genera (A) Buchnera, (B) Erwinia, (C) Pantoea, (D) Other and (E) Unassigned, on tomato plants. The sites are colored by abundance, where red represents high abundance, blue represents low abundance and purple represents medium range. The graphic was generated using 16S sequences with SitePainter [34]. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Virginia Tech Agricultural Research and Education Center in Painter, Virginia and all members of “Team Tomato” of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Thalidomide Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology. We would also like to thank Lili Velez for editorial assistance. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: BHN resistance BHN website ( http://​www.​bhnseed.​com/​ ). (DOCX 53 KB) Additional file 2: Table S2: List of Reference Salmonella strains used for phylogenetic comparison in Figure 5. (DOCX 190 KB) References 1. Mellmann A, Harmsen D, Cummings CA, Zentz EB, Leopold SR: Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104: H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology. PLoS One 2011, 6:e22751.PubMedCrossRef 2. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T: Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011, 473:174–180.PubMedCrossRef 3.