The mRNA expression of FSHR, LHR Cx43, DNMT1 and FGFR2 genes was significantly higher after culture of the follicles retrieved mechanically. These results suggest that mechanical isolation is a better method of isolating porcine preantral follicles that will develop into competent oocytes in in vitro culture.”
“Aims Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a degenerative pathology of skeletal muscle, also induces cardiac failure and arrhythmias due to a mutation leading to the lack of the protein dystrophin. In cardiac cells, the subsarcolemmal localization of dystrophin is thought to protect the membrane from mechanical stress. The absence of dystrophin results in an elevated

stress-induced Ca2+ influx due to the inadequate functioning Emricasan Apoptosis inhibitor of several proteins, such as stretch-activated channels (SACs). Our aim was to investigate whether transient receptor potential vanilloid channels type 2 (TRPV2) form subunits of the dysregulated SACs in cardiac dystrophy. Methods and results We defined the role of TRPV2 channels in the abnormal Ca2+ influx of cardiomyocytes isolated from dystrophic mdx mice, an established

www.selleckchem.com/products/cbl0137-cbl-0137.html animal model for DMD. In dystrophic cells, western blotting showed that TRPV2 was two-fold over-expressed. While normally localized intracellularly, in myocytes from mdx mice TRPV2 channels were translocated to the sarcolemma and were prominent along IPI-145 solubility dmso the T-tubules, as indicated by immunocytochemistry. Membrane localization was confirmed by biotinylation assays. Furthermore, in mdx myocytes pharmacological modulators suggested an abnormal activity of TRPV2, which has a unique pharmacological profile among TRP

channels. Confocal imaging showed that these compounds protected the cells from stress-induced abnormal Ca2+ signals. The involvement of TRPV2 in these signals was confirmed by specific pore-blocking antibodies and by small-interfering RNA ablation of TRPV2. Conclusion Together, these results establish the involvement of TRPV2 in a stretch-activated calcium influx pathway in dystrophic cardiomyopathy, contributing to the defective cellular Ca2+ handling in this disease.”
“A growing amount of evidence has supported an association between elevated triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease. However, little information regarding co-morbidities, levels of other cholesterol types, or medication use among adults with severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG; (500 to 2,000 mg/di) is available. We examined the data from 5,680 subjects, >= 20 years old, who had participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 and 2006, to evaluate the epidemiology of adults with SHTG. Approximately 1.7% of the sample had SHTG, equating to roughly 3.4 million Americans. The participants with SHTG tended to be men (75.3%), non-Hispanic whites (70.1%), and aged 40 to 59 years (58.5%).

The findings of the study are consistent with previous research regarding the Geneticin price negative relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. The findings provide new information about Jordanian nurses who work in government hospital psychiatric services.”
“Background Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is a rare, serious disorder caused by very low or absent plasma clearance of LDL, substantially raised

LDL cholesterol, and accelerated development of cardiovascular disease. Conventional lipid-lowering treatments are modestly effective. Evolocumab, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), reduced LDL cholesterol by 16% in a pilot study. We now report results with evolocumab in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Methods This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial was undertaken at 17 sites in ten countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and South Africa. 50 eligible patients (aged bigger than = 12 years) with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, on stable lipid-regulating therapy for at least 4 weeks, and not receiving lipoprotein apheresis, were randomly allocated by a computer-generated randomisation sequence in a 2:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous evolocumab

420 mg or placebo every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. Randomisation was stratified by LDL cholesterol at screening ( smaller than 11 mmol/L or bigger than = 11 mmol/L)

and implemented by a computerised interactive voice-response system. Patients, study personnel, and the funder were masked selleckchem to GS 1101 treatment and to the efficacy results by the central laboratory not returning LDL cholesterol or any lipid results to the clinical sites after the baseline visit. The primary endpoint was percentage change in ultracentrifugation LDL cholesterol from baseline at week 12 compared with placebo, analysed by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01588496. Findings Of the 50 eligible patients randomly assigned to the two treatment groups, 49 actually received the study drug and completed the study (16 in the placebo group and 33 in the evolocumab group). Compared with placebo, evolocumab significantly reduced ultracentrifugation LDL cholesterol at 12 weeks by 30.9% (95% CI-43.9% to 18.0%; p smaller than 0.0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in ten (63%) of 16 patients in the placebo group and 12 (36%) of 33 in the evolocumab group. No serious clinical or laboratory adverse events occurred, and no anti-evolocumab antibody development was detected during the study. Interpretation In patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia receiving stable background lipid-lowering treatment and not on apheresis, evolocumab 420 mg administered every 4 weeks was well tolerated and significantly reduced LDL cholesterol compared with placebo.

\n\nDiscussion: This randomised-controlled trial will evaluate a complex intervention to increase early identification and intervention to improve the health of residents of long term care. The results of this trial are expected in early 2013.”
“The fungicide vinclozolin and insecticide X-cyhalothrin are widely used to control canola (Brassica spp.) diseases and insect

pests, respectively, in Canada. We investigated non-target effects of these pesticides, applied at recommended rates, on soil microbial biomass, functional bacterial diversity and functional community structure of soil bacteria (by evaluating patterns of C substrate utilization) in canola rhizosphere and bulk soil at three locations in Alberta from 2002 to 2004. Experimental treatments were (a) untreated control, (b) vinclozolin MAPK inhibitor fungicide foliar application, (c) X-cyhalothrin insecticide foliar application, and (d) vinclozolin and X-cyhalothrin Selleck GM6001 applications. No significant pesticide effects on soil microbial biomass or functional bacterial diversity were observed, but

the functional structures of soil bacteria were altered. In 1 of 12 cases, the control treatment had a different soil bacterial community structure from the 3 pesticide treatments. The fungicide treatment had different bacterial community structures from the control or insecticide treatments in 3 of 12 cases, the insecticide treatment had different community structures from the control or fungicide treatments in 4 of 12 cases, and the combined fungicide and insecticide treatment had different community structures from the other treatments in 3 of 12 cases. Therefore, evaluating soil bacterial functional structures revealed pesticide effects that were not detected when bacterial diversity or microbial biomass were measured in canola rhizosphere or bulk soil. Crown Copyright (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of miR-23a in the regulation

of BCR/ABL and to provide a new prognostic biomarker for chronic myeloid Elafibranor leukemia (CML). The expression levels of miR-23a and BCR/ABL were assessed in 42 newly diagnosed CML patients, 37 CML patients in first complete remission and 25 healthy controls. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blot analysis and colony formation assay were used to evaluate changes induced by overexpression or inhibition of miR-23a or BCR/ABL. MiR-23a mimic or negative control mimic was transfected into a CML cell line (K562) and two lung cancer cell lines (H157 and SKMES1) using Lipofectamine 2000, and the cells were used for real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. We found that the downregulation of miR-23a expression was a frequent event in both leukemia cell lines and primary leukemic cells from patients with de novo CML.

Cows receiving embryos treated Selleck GDC973 with 15 mu M GTP had higher pregnancy rates on Day 30(34.8% vs. 28.6%) and Day 60 (34.8% vs. 23.9%) than those receiving control embryos (P < 0.05). In conclusion, addition of 15 mu M GTP during IVM and IVC improved pregnancy rates; this improvement seemed to be associated with the increase of RA of antioxidant

enzyme genes and the decrease in Al in bovine blastocysts. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopies were explored to study the interaction between N-confused porphyrins-edaravone diad (NCP-EDA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) under simulative physiological condition at different temperatures. The experimental results show that the fluorescence quenching mechanism selleck compound library between NCP-EDA and BSA is a combined quenching (dynamic and static quenching). The binding constants, binding sites and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (Delta G, Delta N, and Delta S) of the interaction system were calculated at different temperatures. According to Forster non-radiation energy transfer theory, the binding

distance between NCP-EDA and BSA was calculated to be 3.63 nm. In addition, the effect of NCP-EDA on the conformation of BSA was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of universal vs selective resuscitation on maternal utilities, perinatal costs, and outcomes of preterm delivery and termination of pregnancy at 20-23 weeks 6

days’ gestation.\n\nSTUDY DESIGN: We used studies on medical practices, prematurity outcomes, costs, and maternal utilities to construct decision-analytic models for a cohort of annual US deliveries after preterm delivery or induced termination. Outcome measures were (1) the numbers of infants who survived intact or with mild, moderate, or severe sequelae; (2) maternal quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); and (3) incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.\n\nRESULTS: Universal resuscitation of spontaneously delivered infants between 20-23 weeks 6 days’ gestation increases costs by $313.1 million and decreases QALYs by 329.3 QALYs; after a INCB024360 termination, universal resuscitation increases costs by $15.6 million and decreases QALYs by 19.2 QALYs. With universal resuscitation, 153 more infants survive: 44 infants are intact or mildly affected; 36 infants are moderately impaired, and 73 infants are severely disabled.\n\nCONCLUSION: Selective intervention constitutes the highest utility and least costly treatment for infants at the margin of viability.”
“Crude polysaccharides (PSs) were isolated from the fruit pulp of jackfruit, and their chemical composition determined and evaluated for an immune regulatory activity in mice.

8%. The symptoms of CVD were worse during the summer period only in 26.8% of the patients whereas in 50.8% during all the year. Regarding quality of life, more than 40% of the patients had either health or cosmetic problems. Sufferers mentioned that they took first advice from physicians (28%), or from friends and relatives (27%) or from pharmacists (26%).\n\nConclusion This is a real whole-population study of Greece – a Mediterranean country that provides important and remarkable data on the epidemiology of CVD and highlights that we need improvement of relations within the triangle constituted by physicians, patients and disease.”
“Objective: The brain sparing phenomenon in the fetus is www.selleckchem.com/products/mrt67307.html a protective mechanism aimed

at click here maintaining

sufficient blood flow towards the brain during chronic or acute fetal stress, such as that caused by hypoxemia or utero-placental insufficiency. In this study we investigated whether the brain sparing effect can also be elicited by a physiological stress associated with maternal posture.\n\nStudy design Twenty-three low-risk pregnant women participated in the study. Between 36 and 40 weeks’ gestation, Doppler flow velocity waveforms were obtained from the fetal middle cerebral and the umbilical artery in the supine and the left lateral decubitus positions. Pulsatility index, systolic/diastolic index, and peak systolic velocities were measured and comparison was made between the left lateral and supine positions.\n\nResults: The pulsatility index in the middle cerebral artery decreased from 1.78 +/- 0.27 in the left lateral decubitus position to 1.29 +/- 0.16 in supine position (p < MK 2206 0.0001). Peak systolic

velocity decreased from 46.05 +/- 7.85 cm/s to 39.43 +/- 7.95 cm/s, respectively (p = 0.001). The pulsatility index in the umbilical artery decreased from 0.89 +/- 0.13 in the left lateral position to 0.74 +/- 0.11 in the supine position (p < 0.0001).\n\nConclusions: This study demonstrates that the supine position in late pregnancy, causing aortic and venacaval compression, leads to brain auto-regulation that activates the brain sparing effect in the fetus. This protective mechanism, shown here for the first time to be linked to a physiological stress, may provide the basis for a novel approach in the assessment of fetal wellbeing. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Surgery for type A acute aortic dissection (AAD) is associated with a high mortality and incidence of postoperative complications, including acute respiratory failure and coagulopathy. Aim of the study was to investigate the effects of sivelestat on pulmonary function and coagulopathy in patients undergoing surgery for AAD.\n\nMethods: Sixty patients undergoing emergency ascending replacement for AAD were divided into two groups. Group I was administered sivelestat intravenously from the beginning of surgery until extubation. Group II was not treated with sivelestat.

Divergences during those steps were solved by consensus between both reviewers. Of 400 abstracts captured in our primary search strategy on the ASIA Standards, 16 full articles fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. An additional 40 references were obtained from two

prior systematic reviews on ASIA Standards. While 45 of 56 of the studies on ASIA Standards provided level 4 evidence, there were 11 level 2b evidence studies. Convergent construct validity (n = 34), reliability (n = 12), and responsiveness (n = 10) were the most commonly studied psychometric properties of the ASIA Standards, but two prior studies examined their content validity. Of the 267 abstracts yielded in our primary search on pain assessment, 24 articles with level 4 evidence fulfilled the inclusion Navitoclax and exclusion criteria. There was no study that examined pain assessment in the acute care setting. While 18 of 24 articles studied an instrument for assessment of pain intensity, the remaining six studies were focused on classifications of pain in

the SCI population. In conclusion, the ASIA Standards represent an appropriate instrument to categorize and evaluate spinal cord injured adults over time with respect to their motor and sensory function. Nevertheless, further investigation of the psychometric properties of the ASIA Standards is recommended due to a lack of studies focused on some key elements of responsiveness, including minimal clinically HM781-36B molecular weight important difference.

The visual analog scale (VAS) is the most commonly studied instrument of assessment of pain intensity in the SCI population. However, further investigation is required with regard to its reliability and responsiveness in the SCI population. Our results also suggest that there is no instrument with appropriate psychometric properties for this particular population.”
“Background CD133 has been suggested to be a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in various types of cancers. The present study assessed the relationship between CD133 expression and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer. In addition, the prognostic value of CD133 for gastric cancer was evaluated. Methods In total, 100 advanced gastric cancer patients who received curative gastrectomy check details and adjuvant chemotherapy were included. CD133 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and clinicopathological results, including survival, were analyzed. Results CD133 was expressed in 23% of advanced gastric cancer patients (23/100). CD133 expression was significantly associated with serosal exposure (P?=?0.036), venous invasion (P?=?0.047), well and moderate differentiation (P?=?0.002), and intestinal-type Lauren classification (P?=?0.001). CD133-positive patients had a significantly worse 5-year disease-free (28.1% vs. 65.8%, P?=?0.002) and overall (47.5% vs. 74.0%, P?=?0.037) survival rate than those who were CD133-negative.

Under these conditions, each positively charged solid particle AZD2014 datasheet is surrounded by a negatively charged diffusion layer which protects from particle collision and aggregates formation (electrostatic stabilization).

In turn, the Cr2O3 suspension containing the PAA is most unstable also at pH = 3. In this case, the polymer causes destabilization of the colloidal suspension, which results from charge neutralization of solid particles by adsorbed PAA.”
“Hydroprocessing catalysts, sulfided Ni-W (on mesoporous silica-alumina) and Ni-Mo (on mesoporous gamma-alumina), under typical hydroprocessing conditions, can very effectively produce liquid fuel from mixtures of waste vegetable oil and refinery gas oil. The acidity of the catalyst controls the relative amount of diesel range (straight chain)

alkanes and cracked lighter products. The yield of diesel range (250-380 degrees C) product varied between 60 and 90%, while kerosene (jet) range product varied between 10 and 35% depending upon the reaction conditions and type of catalyst used. The hydrodeoxygenation pathway for oxygen removal from triglyceride seems to be favored over the Ni-Mo catalyst, while decarboxylation + decarbonylation pathway is favored over the Ni-W catalyst and the respective pathways becomes more dominant with increasing vegetable-oil content in the feed. Vegetable oil conversion does not adversely influence hydrodesulfurization of Epacadostat cost gas oil indicating viability of co-processing. The activation energy for overall S-removal is much lower than that for overall O-removal. Density and acidity (TAN) of the products meet the required specification and cetane number is better than that for pure diesel. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chromite is an important mineral used in the metallurgy, chemistry, and refractory industries. For this reason, beneficiation of chromite tailings is very important. In this study, the possibility selleck chemical of beneficiation of chromite

tailings in the Uckopru/Fethiye-Turkey region by Hydrocyclone and Multi Gravity Separator (MGS) combination was investigated. The two signification operational parameters of hydrocyclone, which were diameter of apex and diameter of vortex, and the three signification operational parameters of MGS, which were drum speed, tilt angle, and wash water, were varied and the results were evaluated with the Central Composite Rotatable Design. The results of beneficiation studies showed that commercial concentrate containing 48.18% Cr2O3 was obtainable with a 69.79% rate of recovery.”
“The objectives of this study were select, define, preserve and disseminate the productions of fig types of good quality for fresh consumption. Turkey has a great variation and distribution with respect to both cultivar and wild fig forms.

HCM prognosis worsens when MYBPC3 Arg502Trp occurs in the setting of another sarcomere protein gene mutation. (Circ Res. 2010;106:1549-1552.)”
“Diabetic studies are mostly Vactosertib molecular weight interested in gene expression in the pancreas, the site of insulin secretion that regulates blood glucose levels. However, a single gene approach has been ruled out for many years in discovering new genes or the molecular networks involved in the induction process of diabetes. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which cyclo (His-Pro) (CHP) affects amelioration of diabetes mellitus,

we performed gene expression profiling in the pancreatic tissues of two diabetic animal models, streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (T1DM) and genetically-diabetic (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice (T2DM). To understand the healing process of these diabetic rodents, we examined the effects of CHP on various gene expression in pancreatic tissues of both animal models. Our microarray analysis revealed that a total of 1,175 genes BEZ235 molecular weight were down-regulated and 629 genes were up-regulated in response to STZ treatment, and the altered expression levels of numerous genes were restored to normal state upon CHP treatment. In particular, 476

genes showed significantly altered gene expression upon CHP treatment. In a functional classification, 7,198 genes were counted as differentially expressed in pancreatic tissues of STZ- and CHP-treated rats compared

with control, whereas 1,534 genes were restored to normal states by CHP treatment. Microarray data demonstrated for the first time that overexpression of the genes encoding IL-1 receptor, lipid metabolic enzymes (e.g. Mte1, Ptdss1, and Sult2a1), myo-inositol VX-809 in vivo oxygenase, glucagon, and somatostatin as well as down-regulation of olfactory receptor 984 and mitochondrial ribosomal protein, which are highly linked to T1DM etiology. In genetically-diabetic mice, 4,384 genes were altered in gene expression by more than 2-fold compared to the control mice, when counted differentially expressed. In genetically-diabetic mice, 4,384 genes altered in expression by higher than 2-fold were counted as differentially expressed genes in pancreatic tissues of CHP-treated mice. On the other hand, 2,140 genes were up-regulated and 2,244 genes were down-regulated by CHP treatment. The results of the microarray analysis revealed that up-regulation of IL-2, IL12a, and leptin receptor and down-regulation of PIK3 played important physiological roles in the onset of T2DM. In conclusion, we hypothesize that CHP accelerates alterations of gene expression in ameliorating diabetes and antagonizes those that induces the disease.”
“Over the last decade a new virus disease caused by Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has been threatening the tomato industry worldwide. Reliable detection is vitally important to aid disease control.

In female rats, the E1(4)-PRLR mRNA expression levels increased markedly during lactation compared with the diestrus state, whereas there was no increase in the E1(3)- and E1(5)-PRLR mRNA levels. The E1(4)-PRLR mRNA expression pattern was similar to that of the total PRLR mRNA. The PRL plasma concentration generally correlated with the E1(4)-PRLR mRNA expression levels in both sexes. These findings suggest that PRLR gene

expression in the choroid plexus is upregulated mainly via the transcriptional activation of the E1(4)-first Caspase inhibitor exon.”
“During cell cycle arrest caused by contact inhibition (CI), cells do not undergo senescence, thus resuming proliferation after replating. The mechanism of senescence avoidance during CI is unknown. Recently, it was demonstrated that the senescence program, namely conversion from cell cycle arrest to senescence (i.e., geroconversion), requires mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Geroconversion can buy KPT-8602 be suppressed by serum starvation, rapamycin, and hypoxia, which all inhibit mTOR. Here we demonstrate that CI, as evidenced by p27 induction

in normal cells, was associated with inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Furthermore, CI antagonized senescence caused by CDK inhibitors. Stimulation of mTOR in contact-inhibited cells favored senescence. In cancer cells lacking p27 induction and CI, mTOR was still inhibited in confluent culture as a result of conditioning of the medium. This inhibition of mTOR suppressed p21-induced senescence. Also, trapping of malignant cells among contact-inhibited normal cells antagonized p21-induced 3-deazaneplanocin A mouse senescence. Thus, we identified two nonmutually exclusive mechanisms of mTOR inhibition in high cell density: (i) CI associated with p27 induction in normal cells and (ii) conditioning of the medium, especially in cancer cells. Both mechanisms can coincide in various proportions in various cells. Our work explains why CI is reversible and, most importantly, why cells avoid senescence in vivo, given that cells are contact-inhibited in the organism.”
“The aim of the study was to evaluate the seric

ions level and its relationship with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms in young women. Method: Ninety-three volunteers were monitored for three months. The nutritional status evaluation was based on BMI. Three “maps of daily symptoms” were used to investigate the frequency of the SPM symptoms. The biochemical evaluation was done in the first month in the luteal phase. The levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium were determined by colorimetric methods. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration were determined by conventional methods. Results: The symptoms like anxiety (1,13; 0,81; 0,66), edema (0,99; 0,51; e 0,22), depression (0,58; 0,36; 0,20) and mastalgia (0,56; 0,35; 0,09) were the most evident in the menstrual than luteal and follicular phase.

01) for AA. No difference was observed in BAFO for all groups in 3 and 6 weeks. Increased BIC and torque resistance were observed for AA implants at both time points after implantation. Conclusions: Overall, improved bone-to-implant response was observed for the AA implant surface.”
“Gene and intron prediction are essential for accurate inferences about genome evolution. Recently, two genome-wide studies searched for recent intron gains in Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor humans, reaching very different conclusions: either of a complete absence of intron gain since early mammalian evolution, or of creation of numerous introns by genomic duplication in repetitive regions. We discuss one possible explanation:

the underappreciated

phenomenon of “template switching”, by which reverse transcriptase may create artifactual splicing-like events in the preparation of cDNA/EST libraries, Selleck Dibutyryl-cAMP may cause complications in searches for newly gained introns in repetitive regions. We report large numbers of apparent template switching in transcript sequences from the intron-poor protists Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the BioEssays website (http://www.mrw.interscience. wiley.com/jpages/0265-9247/suppmat/index.htmi).”
“Although our concepts of what causes Parkinson disease (PD) are ever changing and the hunt for a reliable biomarker continues, the clinical picture remains as distinctive as when the malady was first described by James Parkinson and the neurologic Grand Masters of the nineteenth century. Hyposmia and visual hallucinations, however, can now be added as additional features of the clinical syndrome which may be helpful in distinguishing PD from atypical parkinsonism, as well as the growing list of causes of secondary parkinsonism. Selective

vulnerability of catecholaminergic long axon projection neurons (part of the isodendritic core) in PD is an Ruboxistaurin manufacturer important, if recently somewhat neglected, fact and correlation of the severity of nigral loss with bradykinesia and rigidity is the only very reliable anatomo-clinical correlation. Although the Lewy body seems to be closely linked with our notion of PD as a clinicopathologic nosological entity, its role in the pathogenesis of the disorder is still obscure and hotly debated. Its presence in some of the long-surviving grafted neurons in fetal implants may provide important insights into its role in the disease process. Although Braak’s hypothesis implicating the medulla oblongata as an obligate trigger for the subsequent spread of the pathologic process has generated much interest and encouraged more research, it seems unlikely as an explanation for the natural history of PD. NEUROLOGY 2009; 72(Suppl 2): S2-S11″
“A novel reassortant influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged recently in China.