Means ± standard deviations (SD) for three experiments are given

Means ± standard deviations (SD) for three experiments are given. Figure 5 Effect of Methicillin resistance on the encoding toxins genes presence. PVL: Panton-Valentine Leukocidin; ETA: Exfoliative Toxin A; ETB: Exfoliative Toxin B; SEA: Proteases inhibitor staphylococcal

enterotoxin A; SEB: staphylococcal enterotoxin B; SEC: staphylococcal enterotoxin C; SED: staphylococcal enterotoxin D; SEE: staphylococcal enterotoxin E; SEG: staphylococcal enterotoxin G; SEH: staphylococcal enterotoxin H; SEI: staphylococcal enterotoxin I; TSST: Toxic-shock syndrome Toxin. Means ± standard deviations (SD) for three experiments are given. ***: P˂0.001; the other differences were not statistically significant (P˃0.05). Discussion The S. aureus stains analyzed in this study displayed a wide range of sensitivity to the BIIB057 17 tested antibiotics. Generally, benzyl penicillin was not efficient in controlling the strains (Figure 1). This

is consistent with previous reports showing high rates of S. aureus resistance (>90%) to benzyl penicillin [34, 35], suggesting that this antibiotic, one of the first to be introduced, is no longer effective against S. aureus[36]. A very high proportion of strains showed resistance to rifampicin (67%), tetracycline (60%), and trimetroprim/sulfamethoxazol (57%). This A-1155463 in vitro finding is consistent with previous studies performed in Africa [37–40]. The high proportion of strains showing resistance to penicillin

and three other antibiotics may be explained by the practice of patient self-medication in Benin, and by the availability and low price of the antibiotics. These antibiotics can be bought without prescription, especially in developing countries. In our in vitro study, 4/17 tested antibiotics (vancomycin, fusidic acid, fosfomycin, and linezolid) were effective against all the S. aureus strains. The collection of strains isolated from abscesses was sensitive to only four of the 17 tested antibiotics. However, strains isolated from furuncles (Figure 2b) and osteomyelitis patients (Figure 2d) were sensitive to 13 antibiotics Sclareol (Figure 2). This result can likely be attributed to the origin of the strains. In our study, the samples collected from furuncles and osteomyelitis patients were from an extra-hospital community origin. Indeed, the selection pressure observed when using antibiotics in a hospital environment causes nosocomial strains to develop multi-resistance, in contrast to strains of community origin. Of the 136 tested strains, 34 (25%) were resistant to oxacillin. This proportion of resistant strains appears to have increased steadily in Benin, compared with the recorded resistance rate of 11.6% in 1999 [40].

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