The activity of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT) and the content of the lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde, MDA) were determined as biomarkers of oxidative click here stress
in E. fetida. Moreover, single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) was used as a biomarker of genotoxicity. The results showed that triclosan induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in antioxidative enzyme activities and MDA content. Of all of the biomarkers examined, CAT activity was most sensitive to TCS, and the CAT activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) at bactericidal concentrations of 7.86 ng cm-2 in the contact test and 10 mg kg-1 in the spiked soil test. The comet assay showed that TCS treatments significantly induced (P < 0.05) DNA damage in E. fetida, and
that 78.6 ng cm-2 caused significant genotoxic effects in the acute test (48 h). Clear dose-dependent DNA damage selleck compound to E. fetida was observed both in contact and spiked soil tests. These results imply that TCS may have potential biochemical and genetic toxicity toward earthworms (E. fetida). A battery of biomarkers covering multiple molecular targets of acute toxicity can be combined to better understand the impacts of TCS on E. fetida. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.”
“The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of migraine in the general Spanish population and its association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, self-reported health status, and co-morbidity with other conditions. We analyzed data obtained from adults aged 16 years or older (n = 29,478) who participated in the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS), an ongoing, home-based personal interview which examines a nation-wide representative sample of PRIMA-1MET order civilian non-institutionalized population residing in main family dwellings (household)
of Spain. We analyzed socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, educational level, occupational status, and monetary monthly income); self-perceived health status; lifestyle habits (smoking habit, alcohol consumption, sleep habit, physical exercise, and obesity); and presence of other concomitant diseases. The 1-year prevalence of diagnosed migraine (n = 3,433) was 11.02% (95% CI 10.55-11.51). The prevalence was significantly higher among female (15.94%) than male (5.91%) and showed the highest value in the 31-50 years age group (12.11%). Migraine was more common in those of lower income (AOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.41) and who sleep < 8 h/day (AOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.33). Furthermore, worse health status (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.76-2.36) and depression (AOR 1.82 95% CI 1.58-2.11) were related to migraine. Finally, subjects with migraine were significantly more likely to have comorbid conditions, particularly chronic (more than 6 month of duration) neck pain (AOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.98-2.68) and asthma (AOR 1.62, 95% 1.27-2.05).