The phenotype might alter many other characteristics affecting aphid infestation, but here the GC–MS results of the transgenic tobacco Venetoclax ic50 plants showed that MaβFS1 transgenic tobacco lines had similar volatile profiles to the control (blank vector control), except for a unique peak identified as EβF ( Fig. 6-A, B). From this, we assumed that the effects of MaβFS1

transgenic lines on aphid and lacewing behavior were mainly due to the emission of EβF. However, as indicated in Fig. 7-B, when both transgenic and the control plants were located in the same setup, no strong repellence of aphids was observed, and the reductions in aphid infestation levels on transgenic plants were statistically significant only when lacewing larvae were present ( Fig. 7-C), demonstrating that the reduction in aphid infestation was due to both repellence to aphids and attraction of lacewing predators. It was reported that the rate of EβF emission per day rather than the amount of EβF emitted regulated the proportion of wing offspring produced [16]. In both the laboratory and field, applications of 1000 ng synthetic EβF three times a day were

enough to be perceived by the aphids and to elicit alarm behavior although high volatility and a short atmospheric lifespan of EβF and airflow in the field very likely reduced the amount and concentration of EβF [16] and [53]. In this context, the emission levels of EβF from the transgenic tobacco plants at flowering in this study were 2.62 to 4.85 ng d− 1 g− 1 GSI-IX of fresh tissue. Assuming that the fresh tissues of each transgenic tobacco plant weighed 1.000 g or more than that at flowering time, the EβF emission level of each transgenic

plant would be enough to elicit aphid repellence (escape behavior). Therefore, we may presume that in addition to the limited amount of EβF released by the transgenic tobacco plants, the emission of other volatiles from both the control and transgenic plants might have inhibitory effects on the repellence of aphids. The full alarm response (repellence) of aphids in transgenic tobacco plants was not observed in this study. The research presented in this study isolated EβF synthase genes from Asian peppermint and elucidated the expression profile of MaβFS1 for many the first time. It also suggested that an EβF synthase gene from Asian peppermint could be employed in genetic engineering of economically important crop plants for aphid control through continuous emission of EβF and recruitment of biological control agents. This work was funded by the Research Initiative on Development of Transgenic Wheat Plants supported by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (2011ZX08002-001), the Natural Science Foundation of China (31171618), and the Chinese State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insects (SKLOF201307). “
“Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis Wineland, syn. Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld.) is widely distributed in most maize (Zea mays L.