Solt et al. demonstrated very similar effects with the synthetic RORγt ligand SR1001, which prevented Th17-cell differentiation and ameliorated EAE [[68]]. In a model for inflammatory bowel disease, RORγt-dependent ILCs can mediate pathology [[41]]. Together these

results suggest that the RORγt antagonist SR1001 may be utilised therapeutically to target pathogenic ILCs. Interestingly, in addition to RORγt, SR1001 also inhibits the activity of the type 2 ILC-related transcription factor RORα [[68]] This opens up the possibility of using ROR antagonists such as SR1001 in the treatment of type 2 ILC-related immune pathologies, including airway hyperreactivity in allergic asthma, selleck products as well as those mediated by RORγt-dependent ILCs. However, the application of ROR agonists and antagonists needs to be carefully assessed in view of the known beneficial roles of ILCs. Future work needs to reveal how RORα/γt antagonism affects ILC functions, and how this can be applied in the clinical settings. In addition to RORγt and RORα, AhR plays a prominent role in the survival and function of the ILC22 population. The AhR agonist FICZ increases the number of intestinal IL-22-producing ILCs, cells that are crucial for clearing C. rodentium infection [[54]]. This role in the gut makes AhR an interesting target for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, a disease in which ILC-derived IL-22 plays a protective

Smad inhibitor role [[28, 30]]. In summary, as discussed in this review, the transcriptional programs that govern the development of the various branches of the ILC family, including RORγt and RORα dependent ILCs, are

beginning to be unraveled. Future studies should aim to address the precise requirements of specific transcription factors at different stages of ILC development and to unravel how these transcription factors are regulated, what the effects of antagonism are, and how the potential interactions between Dehydratase the various transcription factors affect ILC development and function. With such knowledge, attention can be turned to specific therapeutics based on regulating these family members. “
“The function of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells (Breg) during gestation is unknown. Here, we aimed to understand their participation in early pregnancy. CD19+CD24hiCD27+B cell frequency, measured by flow cytometry, increased with pregnancy onset but not in the case of spontaneous abortions. B cells from non-pregnant women cultured with serum from normal pregnant women produced higher IL-10 levels than those cultured with serum from spontaneous abortion patients or autologous serum. CD19+-activated B cells from pregnant women strongly suppressed TNF-a production by CD4+T cells when cocultured. We identified hCG as an important factor regulating the number and function of Breg during pregnancy. Breg emerge as important players in pregnancy; they suppress undesired immune responses from maternal T cells and are therefore important for tolerance acquisition.