16 Younger patients experienced more fatigue and pruritus, whereas male patients experienced less. Pruritus, but not fatigue or cognitive symptoms, was worse in UDCA nonresponders.16 The

control population for the current study YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 nmr comprised 196 community controls case-matched for age and sex to the Newcastle PBC cohort. Symptoms and QOL were assessed in the control population using the PBC-40c, a parallel version of the PBC-40 developed and validated for use in non-PBC subjects as part of the study. Among PBC patients, perceived QOL was impaired (35% reporting perceived QOL impairment compared with only 6% of healthy controls; P < 0.0001, chi-square 68.9). However, 45% of PBC patients reported no QOL impairment. When asked to rate their perceived health status only 20% of PBC patients

AZD0530 mouse rated their health as being very good or excellent, 46% rated it as fair or poor. In comparison, only 15% of the community controls described their overall health as only fair or poor (P < 0.0001, chi-square 67.9). In terms of change of perceived healthiness over time, 482/2,353 (20%) PBC patients regarded their health as improved compared to a year previously, whereas 1,150 (49%) described their health as worse. Although a similar percentage of healthy controls regarded their health as improved over the previous year (40/192, 20%), far fewer controls perceived their health as worse (28/192, 14%; P < 0.0001, chi-square 82.7). All symptom modalities had an impact on perceived QOL using univariate PLEK2 analysis; symptoms of social dysfunction had the greatest impact and pruritus the least (Table 2a). On multivariate analysis fatigue and social symptoms were associated independently with impaired life quality, with a weaker association

for anxiety symptoms and marginal associations for the PBC-40 “other symptoms” domain and emotion symptoms (Table 2b). Symptom severity was significantly greater in PBC than in community controls for all PBC-40 domains as well as for daytime somnolence and vasomotor autonomic symptoms (Fig. 1). Availability, for the first time, of normative data from a community control population allowed us to define clinical cutoffs for significant symptom severity and to establish the proportion of patients in the PBC cohort exceeding those cutoffs (Table 3). The symptom with the greatest overall impact on patients was fatigue (Fig. 2A). Given that all the symptoms that have an impact in PBC also occur in non-PBC patients, we explored the relative impact (in comparison to the control group) of the individual symptom groups. The symptom set with the greatest relative impact was autonomic symptoms (Fig. 2B). Symptom impact in PBC was not as a result of overlap with autoimmune hepatitis. Only 41 of the 2,353 participants (1.