59; 95% CI, 0.42–0.83). Nonvertebral fractures were decreased

by 25% (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64–0387). Clinical vertebral fractures were reduced by 77% (RR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.14–0.37), and all clinical fractures were reduced by 33% (RR, 0.67; CI, 0.58–0.77; p < 0.001) [86]. A subgroup of around 150 patients included in the HORIZON trial had a bone biopsy at the end of the observation period AZD8055 solubility dmso [87]. The microCT and histological analysis showed the expected reduction of the activation frequency and increased length of the remodeling cycle, an increased trabecular bone volume and trabecular number, and a decreased trabecular separation. There was no alteration of osteoblast function, and even a significant increase of mineral apposition rate. In a second Romidepsin mw study including more than 2,100 patients (HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial), men and women over 50 years old received ZA or a placebo infusion within 90 days after repair of a hip fracture. In this only trial conducted to study the risk of fracture in patients with a prevalent hip fracture, not only

was the risk of a new clinical fracture reduced by 35% (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50–0.84; p < 0.001) in the ZA group during the 1.9 years follow-up but the risk of death was also reduced by 28% (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56–0.93) in this arm [88]. A significant reduction of fracture risk was already observed at 12 months. The decreased mortality is only partly explained by the reduction of fracture rates [89]. In these two controlled studies, the profile was safe, with a number of serious adverse events or deaths not significantly different in the groups treated with ZA or with placebo. The main problem with ZA was the postinfusion syndrome, which is classical with all intravenous bisphosphonates following the first infusion, usually mild, and can be reduced by acetaminophen [90]. Intriguingly, an unexpected number of episodes of atrial fibrillation described as severe adverse events occurred in the ZA-treated group. The fact that the total incidence of atrial fibrillation was not increased, that Methamphetamine the episodes occurred late after the injection, and that an increased frequency

of AF was not found in the HORIZON-RFT trial suggests that this occurred by chance [82, 91]. A recent meta-analysis provided no evidence for an excess risk of atrial fibrillation in patients treated with bisphosphonates [91]. This study did not reveal any increase in the risk of stroke or cardiovascular mortality. Asymptomatic hypocalcaemia occurred in a few patients treated with ZA, most frequently 9 to 11 days after the infusion. Serum creatinine increased transiently in some patients of the ZA group. However, in the long term, there was no alteration of the renal function [92]. Adherence to treatment is crucial to reach high-level efficiency and low level of side effects. In clinical practice, adherence is poor in osteoporotic patients.