69–0.97) [39]. Analysis also showed that for both hip and non-vertebral

fractures, the anti-fracture efficacy increased significantly with a higher received dose (metaregression: ß = −0.001; P = .07) and higher achieved 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (metaregression: ß = −0.009; P = .01). The received dose of vitamin D was determined from cross-product of dose and percentage compliance with supplementation. Most studies of calcium PD173074 mouse supplementation prescribe a daily calcium dose of 1,000–1,200 mg [32–35]. In contrast to vitamin D supplementation, meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and clinical trials did not show a higher fracture risk reduction with a higher calcium intake [40]. In addition, a randomized controlled trial of elemental calcium supplementation check details at a dose {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| of 1,000 mg/day showed an increase in relative risk of 47% (95% CI 0.97, 2.23) in combined cardiovascular endpoints (defined as sudden death, myocardial infarction, angina, or chest

pain) when compared with placebo [41]. In the WHI study, those who received calcium 1,000 mg daily had a 17% increase in the incidence of renal stones or renal insufficiency compared with placebo group [35]. At present, the exact calcium requirement remains a matter for debate although a total daily calcium intake (diet plus supplementation) of approximately 1,000 mg/day is likely to be sufficient and safe. Relationship between vitamin D, falls and fracture prevention Approximately 5% to 10% of all falls will result in a fracture and 90% of all fractures are results of falls [42, 43]. A low level of vitamin D is associated with an increased incidence of falls in the elderly [44, 45]. Possible mechanisms include the effect of vitamin D on calcium homeostasis, muscle strength [46], and physical performance [47, 48]. An increased risk of fall occurs when 25(OH)D falls below 25 nmol/L [49]. Body sway is also noted to increase when 25(OH)D falls below 50 nmol/L [50]. Lower limb physical performance declines markedly when serum 25(OH)D falls

below 50 nmol/L [47]. Interestingly, systematic review demonstrates that use of vitamin D, alone or in combination with calcium, does not significantly Methane monooxygenase reduce falls (both rate of falls or number of fallers) or incidence of fracture following fall [51]. Nonetheless, subgroup analysis reveals that falls can be reduced in those with low-baseline 25(OH)D level with risk ratio of 0.57 (95% CI 0.37,0.89) compared with those with high-baseline 25(OH) D and risk ratio of 1.02 (95% CI, 0.88,1.19) [51]. Another meta-analysis of pooled data from seven randomized controlled trials that recruited 1,921 subjects demonstrated that use of Vitamin D 700–1,000 IU daily could reduce falls with a risk ratio of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71,0.92).