8%) died from their disease. Estimated 5-year DFS and OS rates for all patients were 31.9% and 36.1%, respectively. By univariate analysis (log rank test) gender, age at diagnosis, WBC count and neoplasm type did not significantly influence the overall survival. The Kaplan-Meier

method was used to assess any relationship between the studied molecular markers and patient survival time (Table 4). Erk-1 activation was confirmed to be an important prognostic factor (p = 0.033). However, the other molecular markers did not show any statistically significant correlation with overall survival. Table 4 Thiazovivin solubility dmso Outcome of patients studied and proteins status   GADD45a   pERK1   c-JUN   CASPASE 8   Score 0 1 2 p 0 1 2 p 0 1 2 p 0 1 2 p ALL/NHL 12 12 3 0.004 3 10 14 0.8 10 10 7 0.9 6 10 11 0.8 Resistant/Relapse 12 0 0   3 6 9   10 8 7   6 7 9  

AML 0 18 27 0.9 0 12 33 0.5 0 26 19   0 22 23   Resistant/Relapse 0 15 20   0 5 24   0 10 12 0.4 0 11 14 0.8 Score 0 = negative; 1 = 1–30% of positive cells; 2: > 30% of positive cells; p values in bold are statistically significant. The analysis of DFS and of percentage of relapses in AML + NHL patients showed a statistically significant correlation with Gadd45a expression. In fact, patients with lower Gadd45a expression score had a better survival (p = 0.042) with a median DFS of 172 vs 11,5 months for score 1 and 2, respectively (Fig. 3A). Similarly, the analysis of pERK1 score in the same group of patients this website Methane monooxygenase revealed an inverse correlation between pErk-1 scores and DFS (p = 0.04). In fact, median DFS was of 5, 16 and 21 months in scores 3, 2 and 1, respectively (Fig. 3B). Figure 3 Kaplan Meier DFS percentage plots in AML patients and ALL/NHL patients according to Gadd45a expression (A) and Erk1 activation level (B). Gadd45a 1: score 1; Gadd45a 2: score 2. Erk-1 0: score 0; Erk-1 1: score 1; Erk-1 2: score

2. Discussion The understanding of signals and find more pathways that regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis is crucial in searching for devices capable to treat cancer. The knowledge of molecular bases of cancer has undoubtedly demonstrated that the inappropriate expression and activity of particular proteins involved in inter- and intra-cellular signaling networks causes radical changes in cell behaviour, enabling prolonged cell survival and unlimited proliferative capacity. [15, 16] In this study we focused on the role of signal transduction pathways that control genomic stability and apoptosis in the prediction of clinical outcome of haematological malignancies. In details, the in vivo constitutive activation of Erk-1, JNK, Gadd45a and Caspase8 was evaluated in high-risk haemathological neoplasms. The immunocytochemical method was used for the investigation in order to avoid the contamination of the data by normal cells and allow the observation of protein status in single leukemic cells. It was found a constitutive activation of all the studied proteins especially in AML.