Bandyopadhyay and colleagues were able to apply the same reasoning and used 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone which is capable of transforming between four different states to mimic natural phenomenon such as diffusion of heat and detection of cancer growth [54]. Pure computation through DNA DNA has also been applied for the development of pure computational methods. While many techniques are available to use DNA for computation, the most widely used technique involves the manipulation of mixtures of DNA on a support. A DNA molecule which encodes all possible solutions to a designed problem is synthesized and attached to this supportive surface. Repeated hybridization cycles and action of exonuclease

enzymes are used to digest, identify, PRIMA-1MET purchase and eliminate non-solution strands of DNA. Upon completion of this step, several polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactions are used to amplify remaining molecules, most of which are then hybridized to an array of molecules [55]. Recent progress in DNA computation has been remarkable. Although these advances may be far off to be equivalent of the today’s computational capacities of computers, the long-term goal of this research would be DNA computing, overriding everyday computing with great perfection. DNA physical applications The term nanoelectronics refers to the use of 3-Methyladenine chemical structure nanotechnology for the use and development of electrical components and VX-661 datasheet circuits.

Nanoscale electronics have been developed at the molecular level. Such devices are referred to as molecular electronics [56]. Nanoelectronics had been highly dependent on the complementary-symmetry metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS has been vital in analogue circuits such as image sensors, data convertors, and logic-based devices such as digital logic circuits, microcontrollers, and microprocessors [57]. However, CMOS is being replaced as the demand for further Erastin clinical trial miniaturization and processing speeds increase. CMOS circuitry has limitations that can greatly influence the size and shape of computers and other electronics.

DNA offers a solution to these problems. Carbon nanotube devices and wires have been developed through self-guided assembly [58]. These materials are capable of forming electronic devices such as nanowires like those shown in Figure 7 and transistors [59, 60], thus behaving very similarly to a typical CMOS circuit. The advantage of such devices is that DNA can be accumulated in larger densities and numbers as compared to a typical circuit in a normal electrical system. In addition, DNA is fairly efficient in terms of power consumption and cost [58]. Figure 7 DNA uncoiling and forming precise patterns, a prelude to biologically based electronics and medical devices [61]. DNA wires, transistors, capacitors and other devices DNA self-assembly is essential to form any nanoscale biological device. Prior to the development of nanowires, mostly B-DNA was used.