For control assays, incubation with the primary antiserum was omitted. Results and discussion Bioinformatic analysis of kinetoplast-associated proteins in trypanosomatid species As previously stated, originally five distinct kinetoplast-associated

proteins were described in C. fasciculata, named CfKAP1–5 [12, 13]. However, the CfKAP5, also designated p15, was never characterized. Since little is known about kDNA-associated proteins in T. cruzi [18, 19] and other trypanosomatids, we sought initially to address this problem by examining genome database of the T. cruzi [34], T. brucei [35], Leishmania major [36], L. infantum and L. braziliensis Idasanutlin in vivo [37]. In a BLASTp search, using as query the available CfKAP protein sequences, we have identified 35 protein sequences related to CfKAPs: 11 in T. cruzi; 7 in L. braziliensis; 6 in L. major and L. infantum; and 5 in T. brucei. A phylogenetic analysis including these 35 sequences and the five CfKAPs used as query was performed, in order to construct a phylogenetic tree (figure 1). Additionally, a synteny conservation analysis was performed, where chromosome location was highly correlated with tree topology, allowing us to infer the homology relationships

between the trypanosomatid KAPs [see additional file 1]. Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of trypanosomatid KAPs proteins with confidence values PRKACG shown as percentages. Lb, Leishmania braziliensis; Li, Leishmania infantum; Lm, Leishmania major; Tb, Trypanosoma brucei; Tc, Trypanosoma cruzi. In the Sapanisertib solubility dmso T. cruzi genome, we were able to identify the KAP3 and KAP4 genes, but not the KAP1 and KAP2 genes, which were only identified in Leishmania

spp. and C. fasciculata. Furthermore, we were able to identify two other genes that are similar to the CfKAPs, herein named KAP6 and KAP7. They have not been characterized in Crithidia, as the available sequence information for this genome is limited (227 nucleotide sequences in the current version of GenBank). The KAP6 gene whose size is compatible to others KAPs, is more related to KAP4 (figure 1) and was selleck screening library annotated in all five genomes analyzed as “”kinetoplast DNA-associated protein”". The KAP7 gene, also present in all trypanosomatid genomes, has been annotated as “”hypothetical protein, conserved”". Although it is clustered with the KAP1 gene (figure 1), the lower bootstrap value of this clade reinforces the uncertainty of KAP7 relationship to other KAPs. The KAP genes of T. cruzi are present as two copies, with the exception of TcKAP4c, probably due to the hybrid nature of the CL Brener strain [34]- [see additional file 1]. Characterization of TcKAPs In this work, we cloned and expressed two KAPs in T. cruzi: TcKAP4 and TcKAP6.