It is notable that

the PTS/glycosidase systems seem to be present in gut/commensal bacteria and others such as Clostridium difficile that can colonise the gut. Therefore, it would appear that adaptation to the selleck kinase inhibitor intestinal niche seems to be associated with the presence of substantially higher numbers of genes encoding glycosidase enzymes, particularly those involved in the hydrolysis of disaccharides and oligosaccharides of plant origin. Genes for the metabolism of sugars other than lactose are almost entirely absent from the more nutritionally Vorinostat manufacturer fastidious dairy strains. Another interesting observation was that the degree of similarity between the genes/protein sequences from Lb. helveticus DPC4571 and Lb. acidophilus NCFM was generally much higher than between Lb. acidophilus NCFM and any of the other strains. While Lb. acidophilus NCFM and the other gut and multi-environment strains had very similar complements of glycosidase genes, the sequence

similarity was much lower (with the exception of a few Lb. johnsonii genes) than between the NCFM/DPC4571 sequences, even though there were substantial differences in glycosidase gene content between Lb. acidophilus NCFM and Lb. helveticus DPC4571. The loss of a significant number of glycosidase genes together with the high degree of similarity between the remaining genes suggests that Lb. helveticus DPC4571 selleck chemicals has undergone a relatively recent loss of sugar metabolism capacity relative to its divergence from Lb. acidophilus NCFM. Of the sugar metabolism genes analysed, only one (lba_1689) can be used in our barcode as

a gut organism indicator. Bile Salt Hydrolases Intestinal bacteria can experience a wide number of stresses in the intestinal tract including Janus kinase (JAK) those caused by low pH and presence of bile. In this respect, bile salt tolerance is thought to be an important aspect of survival for bacteria which inhabit the intestinal tract. Most intestinal isolates of lactobacilli and some lactobacilli involved in food fermentations exhibit bile salt hydrolase activity [22, 23]. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of conjugated bile acids, which enter the small bowel in bile and are important for the emulsification, digestion and absorption of dietary lipids present in the proximal small bowel [24]. It has been suggested that deconjugation of bile acids is a detoxification method and protects the cells from conjugated bile. Conversely, negative effects of bile salt hydrolase activity have also been reported including cases of contaminated small bowel syndrome, impaired lipid absorption, gallstone formation, and increased risk of colon cancer [25]. In Lactobacillus-free mice, bile salt hydrolase activity was reduced by 87%, revealing that lactobacilli are the main contributors to bile salt hydrolysis [23].