Moreover, our results revealed that neutrophils are the first cells recruited to the peritoneal cavity after the Ts2 or Ts6 injection. These cells together with resident cells characterize the inflammatory response by releasing inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, LTB4 and PGE2, and increasing

the total protein amounts. Concurrently, the same selleck chemicals cells release anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-4, to re-establish the homeostasis. However, the release of large amounts of inflammatory mediators overcomes the anti-inflammatory mediators. Subsequently, macrophages, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are recruited to re-establish the basal homeostatic state, in a mechanism partially dependent on PGs and LTs. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that both Ts2 and Ts6 induced inflammatory response by mechanism dependent on lipid mediators and cytokines production. Moreover, the data suggested that Ts2 have a regulatory role in the inflammatory response, because it stimulated IL-10 production. Ts6 showed exclusive pro-inflammatory activity. Our results GSI-IX in vivo emphasize the importance of studies that aim to better understand the role of isolated toxins in envenomation. The mechanisms and the underlying signaling pathways, as well as the novel approaches for alternative treatments, might be useful in diminishing the lesions

caused by T. serrulatus venom and will be the focus of our next work. We certify that human subjects were not used in this work. We are grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support. The authors would like to acknowledge Fabiana Rosseto Morais for technical assistance by Flow cytometry, Izaira T. Brandão by LAL test, Francisco W. G. Paula e Silva for critical comments

and Dr. Francisco Silveira Guimaraes by helping in the interpretation of statistical data. “
“According to the effects of venom in humans, accidents caused by spiders can be categorized in, at least, two distinct groups: those producing necrotic ulceration, and the ones that do not. Arachnidism produced by widow spiders (Theridiidae) enough will result in systemic symptoms but with minimal tissue damage. Envenomation by Agelenidae family (araneomorph funnel-web spiders, including hobo and grass spiders) results in severe tissue damage (Mattiello-Sverzut et al., 1998; Elston et al., 2000) and, in a minority of accidents, also systemic symptoms. Local necrosis and systemic symptoms are observed in the events incited by Sicariidae (Loxosceles; recluse and fiddlehead spiders) ( Madrigal et al., 1972; Barbaro et al., 1992). Tarantulas (Theraphosidae, Mygalomorphae) bites are considered to be painful, but do not induce local necrosis or systemic effects ( Saucier, 2004).