Positive signal intensities were transformed in a binary code. The binary code corresponding to the
core genome was converted to a hexadecimal code as previously described [7]. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) PFGE was performed on 162 isolates of our collection, as previously described [8, 31]. In detail, chromosomal DNA was prepared in 2% (wt/vol) low melting point agarose plugs 4SC-202 order and digested with SpeI restriction enzyme at 37°C overnight. Samples were run on 1% (wt/vol) agarose gel in 0.5X TBE buffer at 14°C on a CHEF DR-III PFGE system (Bio-Rad, Hertsfordshire, United Kingdom). PFGE run settings were: initial switching time 5 s; final switching time 45 s; gradient 6 V; run time 21 h. PFGE band patterns were compared as described previously [4] and the PFGE clusters were defined according to the criteria established by Tenover and coworkers [32]. In detail, isolates with band pattern with >85% similarity were refer to as genetically related clones. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) A total of 80 P. aeruginosa independent isolates were typed. MLST was performed as described by Maatallah and co-workers [33]. Briefly, genomic DNA was isolated by using the “DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit” (Qiagen,
Valencia, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s guidelines. DNA amplification of the seven housekeeping genes (acsA, aroE, guaA, mutL, nuoD, ppsA and trpE) was performed with a MiniOpticon real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Munich, selleckchem Germany) using the QuantiTect AICAR SYBR Green PCR mix (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Standard primers [34] were employed as previously described [33]. The specificity of the amplification products was
determined by a final melting curve analysis. DNA products were purified and sequenced on both strands by Eurofins MWG Operon www.selleck.co.jp/products/Romidepsin-FK228.html GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany) with published primers [33]. Sequences were compared to publicly available MLST databases, accessible on the P. aeruginosa MLST website (http://pubmlst.org/paeruginosa). Each isolate was assigned a sequence type (ST) number according to its allelic profile. Genetic distance between MLST profiles was calculated as defined at http://pubmlst.org/analysis/. Evaluation of typing methods The discriminatory index (DI), which indicates the probability for two strains, sampled randomly from a population, to belong to a different type was calculated as previously described [35]. In order to quantify the congruence between typing methods the adjusted Rand coefficient was calculated, using the algorithm available at http://comparingpartitions.info. The first coefficient quantifies the global agreement between two methods, while the second indicates the probability that two strains are coherently classified as the same clone by both methods [35, 36]. Identification of AT cluster of clones The relatedness between the AT-genotypes was inferred with the eBURST clustering algorithm (http.//eBURST.mlst.net).