Sodium fluoride can be used as a source of fluoride ions in various applications. Fluoride sodium can be an essential element required for bone health and is an effective prophylactic for dental caries. Chk inhibitor However, fluoride is well known to trigger cytotoxicity in a concentration dependent manner. More, no information can be acquired on the consequences of NaF on mouse embryonic stem cells. We investigated the mode of cell death induced by NaF and the elements involved. NaF treatment higher than 1 mM induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and paid down viability and DNA synthesis in mESCs. The addition of NaF induced cell death mainly by apoptosis instead of necrosis. Catalase treatment dramatically inhibited the NaF mediated cell death and also suppressed the NaF mediated increase in phospho c Jun N terminal kinase levels. Pre-treatment with SP600125 or z VAD fmk notably attenuated the NaF mediated reduction in cell viability. Cellular differentiation A JNK specific inhibitor avoided the NaF induced increase in growth arrest and the DNA damage inducible protein 45. Further, NaFmediated loss in mitochondrial membrane potential was obviously inhibited by pifithrin or CAT chemical. These findings suggest that NaF affects viability of mESCs in a concentrationdependent manner, where over 1 mM NaF causes apoptosis through caspase and hydroxyl radicaldependent and JNK mediated pathways. Fluoride is an efficient prophylactic for dental caries and is an important component required for bone health. However, fluoride may have double-edged sword outcomes on bones depending not only on the concentrations and to which bones are exposed, but additionally on the supplier Lapatinib absorption potential, age, and nutritional status of the patient. Treating osteoporosis with sodium fluoride at 20 30 mg/day exerts mainly positive effects on bone development and water fluoridation at concentrations ranging from 1 to 2 mg/l apparently reduces dental caries incidence. Otherwise, such fluoride treatments lead to a few disorders including skeletal and enamel fluorosis, renal toxicity, diarrhea, epithelial lung cell toxicity, and heart-rate disorders. Fluoride is also able to cause harmful effects on cells, although it depends on the kinds of cells and amounts and duration revealed. Expansion arrest and apoptosis induction are one of the most common toxic effects of fluoride on various kinds of cells. Accumulated evidence has suggested that toxic heavy metals cause apoptosis and growth inhibition with regards to the exposure dose where reactive oxygen species are closely involved. ROS are produced at low levels in a consistent way in living organisms and can be an important function for your purpose of immune cells. But, over expression or decreased removal of intracellular ROS causes oxidative injury to cells and tissues.