The database was queried for all adults who were diagnosed between 1993 and 2004 with stage I renal cell carcinoma. Trends were assessed in mean size with time as well as in the proportion of stage I tumors diagnosed at less than 2.0, less than 2.5 and less than 3.0 cm.

Results: There were 104,150 patients in the National

Cancer Data Base diagnosed with stage I renal cell carcinoma during the study period. A total of 10,279 stage I tumors (9.9%) were less than 2.0 cm, 26,621 (25.6%) were 2.5 cm or less and 39,879 (38.3%) were 3.0 cm or less. Analysis of stage I renal cell carcinoma diagnoses with time demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the proportion of renal masses 3.0 cm or less between 1993 and 2004 (32.5% vs 43.4%). Of tumors 3.0 em or less the proportion smaller than 2.0 cm increased significantly during the study period from 24.1% in 1993 to 29.4% in 2004. Mean tumor size decreased selleck compound from 4.1 to 3.6 cm between 1993 and 2004 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Tumor size at diagnosis is decreasing with time in patients with stage I renal cell carcinoma. These data likely underestimate check details the proportion of all enhancing renal masses diagnosed at a small size. Patients with small masses may be appropriate

candidates for nephron sparing surgery, energy based ablative therapy or active surveillance. Better technologies are needed to determine the diagnosis and prognosis of small enhancing renal masses.”
“This study was aimed to determine the effect of unilateral hippocampal inactivation on spatial memory retrieval in male and female Wistar rats. Subjects were chronically implanted with a stainless-steel cannula that enabled unilateral intrahippocampal injections of tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker. Rats were trained during eight consecutive days on the Morris water maze task. On day 1, subjects received a visible platform session. From day 2 to day 7 the

hidden platform was located in North quadrant and on day 8 the hidden platform changed to the opposite location. Subjects were randomly distributed into four groups: male saline, Calpain male TTX, female saline, female TTX. Saline or TTX was applied 30 min before training but only on days 7 and 8. Results showed that males outperform females during the initial training (days 2-6). After TTX injection, both male and female rats were impaired. However, a detailed analysis revealed that the impairment in females was more pronounced, both during the retrieval session (day 7) as well as during reversal (day 8). This data points to a different role of the hippocampus or a different distribution of memories in both sexes. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We determined technical feasibility, safety and short-term outcomes following percutaneous renal cryoablation.

Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 115 renal tumors in 110 patients treated with percutaneous cryoablation.