This is necessary to justify and encourage continued Everolimus funding towards the scientific research that is essential for the transition to sustainability. Scientists, as key knowledge-holders, are well placed to make science, the scientific process and its potential benefits to society

more visible. All fora need to be exploited to make this science more accessible, including conferences, articles in different media, and activities with Rapamycin concentration interested communities such as science festivals, ‘café scientifique’ etc. Personal meetings and talks with interested communities and groups can be helpful in promoting links and understanding in any group from business partners through to NGOs and civil society groups. This should ultimately contribute to a wider understanding and reasonable expectations of what science can and cannot deliver. Establishing incentives The above section highlight that individuals, or at least some members within a research or policy team, need to be prepared to engage in diverse selleck kinase inhibitor opportunities for dialogue. These activities should be valued and carried out by individuals and teams on both sides of the science and policy divide.

This requires increased resources and incentives from institutions and funders to recruit, train and encourage both scientists and policy-makers to engage with each other and with counterparts from other disciplines, as well as with the media and popular audiences. Examples of

possible incentives for individuals suggested by interviewees included publication citation metrics (Hirsch 2005) that incorporate grey literature, resulting in high impact scores for outputs aimed at policy-makers. Other incentives could include career recognition. Indeed, Holmes and Clark (2008) argue that strengthening interpretation capacity of scientists and policy makers should be done by providing attractive career paths. Such CYTH4 an example, suggested by workshop participants, was the esteem attached to being part of expert groups (in science and policy). Such experts could be called upon to provide information in particular policy areas, identify potential new research avenues, or suggest other experts. In addition to the above incentives, organisational support for these staff could be aided by the development of organisations’ communication and interface strategies, particularly if these strategies included an explicit recognition of the need for greater engagement of scientists and policy-makers. Finally, an acknowledgement and promotion of boundary work (e.g. Guston 1999; Hellström and Jacob 2003; White et al. 2010) or knowledge brokerage (Pielke 2007) is needed to break the silo thinking in science and policy and enhance cross-domain dialogue. Indeed, Konijnendijk (2004) argues that failure of scientific knowledge to reach policy makers is often due to a lack of translators who can convey the message across the two spheres.