epidermidis ATCC 35984 and the clinical strain S. epidermidis 37IINL. The obtained values of MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) were: 0.625 mg/mL of alpha-pinene for both strains, 0.312 and 0.625 mg/mL of EO, while 1.5 and 2.5 mg/mL of thymol as a reference substance for S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 and S. epidermidis 37IINL planktonic cells respectively. The lowest 80 concentration completely inhibiting the biofilm formation (MBIC – minimal

biofilm inhibitory concentration) for both strains was 0.625 mg/mL; alpha-pinene DAPT research buy caused the same result at a slightly higher concentration with MBIC = 1.25 mg/mL. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to be involved in pathogenic mechanisms that underlie complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I), the role of ROS in the central mechanism of CRPS is not fully understood.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated whether ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine Go6983 (NAC) was capable of attenuating mechanical allodynia and whether pain was decreased through modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in a chronic postischemia pain (CPIP) animal model that mimics the symptoms of CRPS-I.

METHODS:

Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 5 different groups: (1) sham rats

and CPIP rats treated with (2) vehicle; (3) NAC 30 mg/kg; (4) NAG 100 mg/kg; and (5) NAG 300 mg/kg intraperitoneally at 15 minutes before reperfusion. CPIP was generated after a 3-hour ischemia/reperfusion injury on the hind limb using a tight fitting O-ring. Then, mechanical paw-withdrawal thresholds to von Frey stimuli were assessed before ischemia (baseline), at 4 hours; 1, 3, and 5 days; and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after reperfusion. Another set of 5 animal groups in the same categories was used to determine phosphorylated NMDA receptor 1 subunit (pNR1) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral L4/6 spinal cord at 3 days after reperfusion.

RESULTS: The sham group showed no significant difference in pain thresholds over NVP-BSK805 datasheet 4 weeks. With NAG treatment, the pain thresholds measured after reperfusion increased significantly, and this increase lasted 4 weeks after reperfusion compared with the vehicle group (P < 0.01 on the ipsilateral side and P < 0.05 on the contralateral side). The relative density of pNR1 at 3 days after reperfusion in NAG-treated rats decreased significantly compared with that of the vehicle group (all, P < 0.001). The NAG dose was significantly correlated not only with paw-withdrawal threshold (p = 0.979; P < 0.001) but also with the relative density of pNR1 (p = 0.875; P < 0.001).