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addition to the utility of HVPG in differentiating pre-sinusoidal and sinusoidal/post-sinusoidal portal hypertension and in predicting the complications of portal hypertension, HVPG is also useful in deciding the initial treatment in patients RAD001 purchase with an acute variceal bleed. Patients with cirrhosis who have very high HVPG may not respond well to endotherapy and a decision to do a primary TIPS may be helpful in such patients.12 In the index study by Julien et al.,8 10 patients with NRH underwent TIPS; for intractable variceal bleeding in eight patients, and refractory ascites in two others. All 10 patients had PVPGs in the range of 16–35 mm Hg, suggesting severe portal hypertension. But since the portal hypertension was predominantly pre-sinusoidal (HVPG < 11 mm Hg) a decision to do TIPS in these patients was not based on HVPG but on clinical grounds. Similar to patients this website with cirrhosis, more data are required on PVPG in patients with NRH and other causes of pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension to decide about the optimal modality of treatment in managing complications of portal hypertension in such patients. “
“The healthy adult human liver expresses low levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and undetectable levels of immune costimulatory molecules. However, high levels of MHC II, CD40, and B7 family molecules

are expressed in the activated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes of patients with viral hepatitis. The precise role of these molecules in viral clearance and immune-mediated liver injury is not well understood. We hypothesized that parenchymal CD40 expression enhances T cell recruitment and effector functions, which may facilitate viral clearance and alleviate liver injury. To test this hypothesis, we selleck compound generated novel liver-specific, conditional CD40 transgenic mice, and we challenged them intravenously with a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (AdCre). Wild-type mice infected with AdCre developed a relatively mild course of viral hepatitis and recovered spontaneously.

CD40 expression in the livers of transgenic animals, however, resulted in CD80 and CD86 expression. The dysregulation of population dynamics and effector functions of intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHLs) resulted in severe lymphocytic infiltration, apoptosis, necroinflammation, and serum alanine aminotransferase elevations in a dose-dependent fashion. To our surprise, an early expansion and subsequent contraction of IHLs (especially CD8+ and natural killer cells), accompanied by increased granzyme B and interferon-γ production, did not lead to faster viral clearance in CD40 transgenic mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that hepatic CD40 expression does not accelerate adenoviral clearance but rather exacerbates liver injury.