“
“The

growth orientation dependence of strain relaxation and the dielectric properties were investigated for (001)- and (111)-epitaxial (Ba,Sr)TiO3 films. The films were deposited on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 and SrTiO3 substrates using rf magnetron sputtering. The residual strain was found to be remarkably different between the two orientations, although these lattice mismatches are identical; the strain relaxation of the (001)-epitaxial films is significantly slower than that of the (111)-epitaxial films and is promoted only when the growth rate is very low (<= 5 nm/h). The observed orientation dependence is discussed with the surface energy for both growth orientations, which influences the growth mode of

the films. Due to the large contrast of the strain in the (001)- and (111)-epitaxial films, the paraelectric to ferroelectric phase transition temperature of the (001)-epitaxial films Compound Library in vitro is much higher than that of unstrained bulks, while the (111)-epitaxial films show a phase transition temperature corresponding to that of unstrained bulks regardless of the growth rates. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3581203]“
“BACKGROUND: The objective of lung transplantation (LTx) is to prolong life, but the survival benefit for patients with severe alpha(1)-anti-trypsin deficiency (PiZZ) and emphysema is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether Pin patients who have undergone Kinase Inhibitor Library solubility dmso lung transplantation (the lung transplant group, TxG) do better than patients who have continued on the usual medical therapy (the non-transplant group, NTxG).

METHODS: Between 1990, when the first patient received a lung transplant in Sweden, until CA4P cost June 2010, a total of 83 PiZZ patients with severe emphysema underwent transplantation. Seventy

appropriate controls were identified from the Swedish National AAT Deficiency Registry. Each control was matched with a patient who had received a lung transplant, for age, gender, smoking history (number of pack-years) and lung function at the time of transplantation.

RESULTS: Both controls and lung transplant patients had low spirometric values with a mean FEV1 of 23 +/- 6% and 22 +/- 9% of predicted value, respectively (not a statistically significant difference). Of the 83 transplant patients, 62 (75%) underwent single-lung transplantation (SLTx). During follow-up, 37 (45%) deaths occurred in the TxG and 45 (64%) in the NTxG. In the TxG, the estimated median survival time was 11 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 9 to 14 years), compared with 5 years (95% CI 4 to 6 years) for the NTxG (p = 0.006). The most common cause of death was pulmonary infection among the transplant patients (38%) and respiratory failure (60%) among the controls.