Patients with a serum ��FP of ��200ng/L at baseline and with a decline in ��FP of ��20% after 4 weeks of sorafenib therapy were classified as ��FP responders.Toxicity was assessed based on information noted in the medical records and graded according to NCI-CTCAE v3.0 [10].Comorbidity was scored Regorafenib price according to the Charlson comorbidity classification [11].2.4. Statistical AnalysisThe primary end points were overall survival (OS) (death from all causes) and time on treatment (TOT). The analysis of objective tumor response was performed according to an intention to treat analysis (ITT) as well as an analysis of evaluable patients only, that is, patients treated for at least 12 weeks. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for the survival analysis.

A Cox proportional hazard analysis of baseline patient and disease-specific characteristics was performed to assess a potential correlation to survival outcome and followed by a multivariate Cox regression analysis.The level of statistical significance was 5%. All P values are two sided and reported with 95% confidence intervals. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software.3. Results3.1. Patient CharacteristicsA total of seventy-six patients were consecutively treated at the Departments of Oncology at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, and at Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, between August 2007 and April 2009 and followed until 2011. Median follow-up time was 6.3 months, ranging from 4 to 777 days.Table 1 shows baseline patient and disease characteristics together with the results of the univariate survival analysis of potential prognostic factors.

Seventy-eight per cent of the patients were in PS 0-1, and 57% had a well preserved liver function (CP-A). Alcohol was the primary cause of liver disease, followed by HCV and HBV. A large proportion of patients had highly advanced disease with macroscopic vascular invasion (46%) and extrahepatic metastases (43%). The majority of patients (76%) suffered from one or more serious comorbid disorders with the most frequent being cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.Table 1Baseline patient and tumor characteristics in sorafenib treated HCC patients with corresponding median overall survival (mOS, days), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P values of the univariate analysis.3.2. Treatment OutcomeThe median OS (mOS) for the entire cohort of patients was 5.4 months, ranging Anacetrapib from 4 days to more than 777 days. As illustrated in Figure 1, patients in PS 0-1 had a mOS of 6.2 months, whereas patients in PS 2-3 had a mOS of 1.8 months (P = 0.005). CP-A patients had a mOS of 6.6 months versus 3.

Table 1Baseline characteristics Depsipeptide of patients.Table 2Etiologies of severe acute respiratory failure.3.2. Hospital MortalityTable 3 shows results of bivariate analysis of baseline characteristics of survivors and nonsurvivors. High initial SOFA score was found correlated with mortality (P = 0.007). No significant difference was found between the 2 groups in age (P = 0.096), gender (P = 0.99), source of admission (P = 0.48), previous ICU admission (P = 0.47), APACHE II score (P = 0.15), and background comorbidities. Table 4 shows respiratory and ventilator parameters of both patient groups. High day 1 (P = 0.002) and day 3 FiO2 (P = 0.001), high day 3 Paw (P < 0.001), low day 3 PaO2/FiO2 (P = 0.01), high day 3 OI (P < 0.001), and increasing OI from day 1 to day 3 (P < 0.

001) were found significantly correlated with mortality. In contrast, day 1 and day 3 PaO2 (P = 0.14 and P = 0.07, resp.) day 1 and day 3 PEEP (P = 0.38 and P = 0.42, resp.) day 1mPaw (P = 0.69), day 1 PaO2/FiO2 (P = 0.87,) and day 1 OI (P = 0.33) were not statistically correlated with mortality.Table 3Characteristics of survivors and nonsurvivors: bivariate analysis#.Table 4Respiratory and ventilator parameters of survivors and nonsurvivors on day 1 and day 3 of mechanical ventilation#.3.3. Predictors of Overall Hospital MortalityUsing univariate analysis of factors capable of predicting overall hospital mortality, nonsurvivors were found to have a higher initial SOFA score (AOR 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05�C1.47, P = 0.01), a higher day 3mPaw (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.14�C1.63, P = 0.

001,) a lower day 3 P/F (AOR 0.99, 95% CI 1.11�C1.44, P = 0.006,) a higher day 3 OI (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11�C1.44, P < 0.001,) and increasing OI from day 1 to day 3 (AOR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03�C1.22, P = 0.008). Independent risk factors for hospital mortality were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis (Table 5), factors identified include high initial SOFA score on admission (AOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04�C1.55, P = 0.02,) and high day 3 OI values (AOR=1.49, 95% CI 1.13�C1.95, P = 0.004).Table 5Multivariate analysis of predictors of hospital mortality in patients with severe acute respiratory failure.3.4. Receiver Operating Characteristic CurvesROC curves were plotted to identify cutoff values that would best determine hospital mortality of ICU patients (Figure 1). The optimal cutoff values for SOFA score and day 3 OI were 5.5 and 3.79, respectively. These values yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 53% and 73%, for the SOFA score, 69% and 71% for day 3 OI, respectively. The area Carfilzomib under the ROC curve indicated higher sensitivity and specificity for the day 3 OI than SOFA score for determining hospital mortality (0.72 versus 0.65, P < 0.001).

and social workers are trained to conduct practice evaluation Veliparib side effects in Hong Kong, inexperienced workers may have problems in integrating the subjective outcome evaluation findings and translating them into valid conclusions. Of course, it can be counterargued that systematic training before program implementation can reduce this problem to a great extent. Despite these limitations and in conjunction with the previous research findings described above, the findings in the present study provide further support for the effectiveness of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong.AcknowledgmentThe preparation for this paper and the Project P.A.T.H.S. were financially supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.
The marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.

) exhibits a variety of cardiac diseases, and the reason for this likely includes low activity in relatively confined spaces, continuous food supply, low oxygen level, crowding, stress in handling, and temperature [1]. The cardiac anomalies and defects of Atlantic salmon include aplasia or hypoplasia of the septum transversum, abnormal location and shape of heart [1], arteriosclerosis [2, 3], and ventricular hypoplasia [4], but specific diseases include cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) [5�C7], pancreas disease (PD) [8�C10], and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) [11, 12]. Annual economical losses due to cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) alone have been estimated up to � 4.5�C8.8 millions [7].Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a disease of marine farmed Atlantic salmon reported from Norway, Scotland and Chile.

HSMI is a disease which mainly affects heart and red skeletal muscle. It is typically a disease of moderate mortality (~20%) but high morbidity (~100%) that affects fish 5 to 9 months after transfer to sea. Presently, HSMI can be diagnosed by histopathology and presents as epi- and endocarditis as well as mononuclear cellular infiltration of both trabecular and compact layers of ventricle myocardium accompanied by myocytic necrosis [11�C14]. HSMI is transmissible in laboratory studies by injecting tissue homogenate from diseased fish to healthy fish [11, 15], and recently piscine reovirus (PRV) has been suggested to be associated with HSMI infection [16, 17]. Lesions first appear and are more frequent in heart than red skeletal muscle.

Affected myocytes show signs of degeneration, loss of cardiomyocytes striation and eosinophilia, loss of skeletal muscle striation, vacuolation, centralized nuclei, and karyorrhexis. There are more inflammatory changes as compared to necrotic changes in heart and red skeletal muscle [1, 12, 13]. HSMI has become more significant where outbreaks have increased Batimastat from 54 in 2004 [18] to 162 cases reported in 2011 [19].Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) is a cardiac disease of Atlantic salmon with a suggested totiviral etiology [20] that mainly affects atrium and trabecular ventricle myocardium without involvement of skeletal muscle

In another study, they noticed that 2,4-DCP and catechol increased the carbonyl group content in human erythrocytes, which was correlated with formation of ROS in these cells [76]. Oxidative DNA base damage is mainly related to the formation of highly Sorafenib Tosylate side effects reactive hydroxyl radical that is produced in the Fenton reaction, in which hydrogen peroxide is converted to hydroxyl radical by transition metal ions such as Fe2+ or Cu2+ [77]. Bases modifications are repaired primarily by base excision repair [78]. Endonuclease III (Endo III) cut DNA at sites of oxidized pyrimidines provides breaks that can be detected by the alkaline comet assay [79]. Formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) is involved in the first step of the base excision repair to remove specific modified bases from DNA to form an apurinic or apyrimidinic site (AP-site), which is subsequently cleaved by its AP lyase activity giving a gap in the DNA strand [80].

Micha?owicz and Majsterek [68] analyzed oxidative DNA damage induced by chlorophenols and their derivatives using lesion specific enzymes such as Endo III and Fpg. The use of these enzymes allowed monitoring oxidized pyrimidines and purines by creation of DNA strand breaks at damage sites [81]. The authors also observed DNA damaging effect in samples that were treated with both Endo III and Fpg, which proved that both pyrimidines and purines were oxidized by these xenobiotics. Their findings revealed that the use of Endo III has unveiled more severe DNA damage.

Similar results were shown by Andersson and Hellman [82] who observed catechol, induced oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes especially in samples treated with this enzyme (Endo III and Fpg). According to the authors, a stronger oxidation of pyrimidines by catechol and/or more efficient repair of catechol-oxidized purines may be responsible for the observation. In the study carried out by Micha?owicz and Majsterek [68], they observed in their study that chlorocatechols, particularly TeCC, induced more severe damage to DNA bases in comparison to chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols. The authors observed that 2,4,5-TCP and PCP induced oxidation DNA damage. It was also shown that catechols may be oxidized in cells to highly reactive semiquinone radicals [83].

Vatsis and Coon [84] observed that parasubstituted phenols such as 4-chlorophenol were converted to hydroquinone by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), whereas chromosome aberrations and other structural changes within chromosomes Carfilzomib were reportedly induced by pentachlorophenol at low concentrations [85]. Damage of DNA was aggravated by the formation of the PCP product, tetrachlorohydroquinone, and harmful intermediate form tetrachlorosemiquinone radical that degraded DNA and handicapped the mechanisms responsible for its repair [86].

2.4. Immunohistochemical AnalysisThe intensity of OPN expression in bone matrix sellckchem was examined on each slide by light microscope. Based on the observation, OPN staining intensity was ranked as no expression (?), mild expression (+), moderate expression (++), or strong expression (+++).3. ResultsIn this study, membrane exposures were observed in some surgical sites during healing. In these cases, the membrane was removed at 4 weeks, and the site was resutured in the canine that healed for 6 weeks.Histologic examination revealed that new bone had formed in all experimental groups, especially in the apical portions of the defects. Acute inflammation was observed in only one specimen (from a site treated with EMD/BC with membrane at 2 weeks) (Figure 2).

The presence of both lamellar and woven bone in the specimens at all intervals (2, 4, and 6 weeks) suggested that bone remodeling was taking place. Also, some residual materials were found in some specimens in the EMD/BC-treated sites.Figure 2Histological views of new bone formation with hematoxylin-eosin staining (magnification ��100). (a) GBR group; (b) EMD/BC without membrane; (c) EMD/BC with membrane; (d) control group. CT: connective tissue, LB: lamellar bone, WB: woven bone, OBR: …Table 1 and Figure 3 present the results of histomorphometric evaluation of the different groups and intervals. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences in formation of total bone, lamellar bone, and woven bone as well as the in the existing fibrous connective tissue between the groups (P < .

05). Based on the paired t-test, both EMD/BC with and without membrane showed statistically significant differences in total bone formation and lamellar bone formation compared with the membrane-only and the control groups (P < .05). However, there was a statistically significant difference in woven bone formation Anacetrapib only with the control group. EMD/BC with membrane had the most lamellar bone formation, but this was not statistically significantly different versus EMD/BC without membrane in the mean percentages of total and woven bone formation (paired t-test, P > .05). Also, both EMD/BC experimental groups (both with and without membrane) showed a statistically significant difference in existing fibrous connective tissue with the membrane-only and control groups, as well as with each other (P < .05).Figure 3The mean percentages of lamellar bone, woven bone, and fibrous connective tissue for each experimental group and time interval. EMD/BC + M: EMD/BC with membrane; EMD/BC: EMD/BC without membrane; M: membrane only; C: control.Table 1Mean percentage (�� SDs) of tissue areas for each experimental group.

Consequently, the homophily degree of a network can be calculated usinghomophily=��i=1N(si/di)N,(10)where di denotes the number of nodes that connect to the node vi and si denotes the number of nodes that connect to the node vi and have the same class with vi. The homophily degrees of the networks in Table 1 are calculated and the results are listed in Table 2. The homophily degrees of first www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html four networks are very low, so they are the networks with heterophily. Table 2The homophily degrees of the networks in Table 1.MRW and wvRN are homophily-based methods, which calculate the classes of unlabeled nodes using the classes of their neighbor nodes, so they perform better on the Citeseer network and the Cora network, which are both of high homophily.

The first four networks are of heterophily, where most of connected nodes have different classes, so the homophily-based methods performance declines. BLC, SocioDim, and CPD abandon the homophily assumption, so they achieve better performance than MRW and wvRN. These experiments show that CPD has better performance on the networks with heterophily.4.2.2. Convergence CPD calculates class labels of nodes in the iterative manner and 500 iterations are used in the above experiments. The issue that concerns us is whether CPD is able to converge within 500 iterations. In this subsection, the convergence of CPD is studied through experiments. We use �� = 10?5/N as the termination condition of iterations, and the maximum iteration number is 500. The iteration numbers when CPD terminates are plotted in Figure 2.

Figure 2The comparison of iteration number.Because MRW and wvRN require iterative calculation, their iteration numbers are also plotted in Figure 2 for comparison. Figure 2 shows that CPD can satisfy the termination condition of iterations on the first four networks and its iteration number is less than those of wvRN and MRW. It means that CPD is convergent on the networks with heterophily. 5. ConclusionsMany classification methods in networked data classify nodes based on homophily assumption using their neighbor nodes. In real world, there are many networks with heterophily, in which the classes of unlabeled nodes are hardly calculated using their neighbor nodes. This paper focuses on such problem to develop a novel approach, which utilizes a probabilistic approach to measure the class influence between two connected nodes.

The experiments on real datasets show that the proposed method has better performance on the networks with heterophily.
The vertebrobasilar system that is also known as a posterior circulation is an important Dacomitinib vascular network that supplies blood to the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres including the occipital lobes and the posterior portions of the temporal lobes, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.

The concentrations of free cadmium ions were 1.19, 0.53, 0.09, and 0.02mg/L at the reaction times of 5, 10, 30, and 120min, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the concentrations of free cadmium ions were influenced largely by the reaction time, in addition it took long, various, and uncontrolled time for biopolymers to fulfill the filtration; therefore, the chelate disk www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html cartridge is not recommended for the separation of heavy metals bound with biopolymers from the aqueous samples.Figure 3Time effect of Chelex-100 on cadmium species in BSA-cadmium solutions.In order to investigate the rate limiting steps in the removal process of cadmium by chelex-100, kinetic models were studied through data fitting of the experimental data, including the equation of Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetics, the pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the intraparticle diffusion model [13].

The pseudo-second-order had the best fitting, with qe = 0.60mg/g, k2 = 2.11g/(mg?min), R2 = 1.000, where qe is the amount of adsorption by the biosorbent at equilibrium and k2 is a second-order speed constant of biosorption [26]. The results indicated that the adsorption was not diffusion controlled, but chemisorption (data not shown). The results indicated that the adsorption was not diffusion controlled but chemisorption (data not shown).For both BSA and ASBP, ultrafiltration method had significant correlation with those of the ISE method (R2 = 0.989 for BSA, 0.985 for ASBP, data not shown). No other significant correlations were found among ISE method, dialysis, and ultrafiltration with the condition applied in this experiment.

4. ConclusionsWater-soluble biopolymers extracted from a laboratory activated sludge showed binding capacity with cadmium under various initial cadmium concentrations. Four different methods were investigated to analyze biopolymer-bound cadmium, which is water soluble, using ion-selective electrode (ISE), dialysis, chelate disk cartridge, and ultrafiltration. The ISE method requires relatively large amount of samples and contaminates sample during the pretreatment. After the long reaction time of dialysis, the equilibrium of cadmium in the dialysis sack would be shifted. Due to the sample nature, chelate disk cartridge could not filter within recommended time, which makes it unavailable for biopolymer use. Ultrafiltration method would not experience the difficulties mentioned above, and it had significant correlation with the ISE method (R2 = 0.989 for BSA, 0.985 for Entinostat ASBP). Ultrafiltration method measured both weakly and strongly bound cadmium as biopolymer-cadmium complex.

Those states split and merge into the bulk continuum, as shown in Figure 5. The peak corresponding to the other during zero-energy state of the octagon is left unchanged. Its wavefunction spreads and decays out from the octagonal defect but remains in the same sublattice.Figure 4(a) Two possible representations of the zero-energy TB wavefunctions for the octagonal carbon ring. Filled and empty circles mean positive and negative values of the wavefunction; no circle means that the wavefunction is exactly zero. (b), (c) Schematic …Figure 5LDOS evaluated at the wedge region for the single (8,0)/(14,0) junction with a pair of pentagons (2 �� 5) at the kneecap and varying strengths of the hopping t~ parameter connecting the 8R octagon into the V8R void. The hopping parameter varies …4.3.

Effects of Electron InteractionAs most of the studied structures present flat and degenerate bands at the Fermi level, we should consider the effect of electron-electron interactions on them. We employ the Hubbard model described in Section 3. In Figure 6 we show the bands of the 12(8,0)/12(14,0) SL calculated (a) with the TB model, (b) including the Hubbard term. Figure 6(c) shows the LDOS corresponding to the (8,0)/(14,0) single junction including the Coulomb repulsion.Figure 6Comparison of band structures of 12(8,0)/12(14,0) SL calculated with the TB (a) and Hubbard (b) models. In the Hubbard model all bands are spin degenerate. (c) LDOS at a single junction, including the Coulomb repulsion (the peaks positions correspond …In both Figures 6(a) and 6(b) we see two pairs of bonding and antibonding bands near the Fermi level.

They are more separated in energy when the Coulomb repulsion is taken into account. Bonding and antibonding bands are due to the presence of two junctions in the SL unit cell.Note that when spin is included, the bands remain spin degenerate even in the Hubbard model, but the degeneracy is caused by the presence of two complementary junctions in the SL unit cell. Each band of a degenerate pair corresponds to a state located in the same defect but at a different junction, having opposite spins. Therefore, at each junction the states are not spin degenerate. This occurs also in the case of single junction, as shown in Figure 6(c). The four peaks at the LDOS of the single junction can be unequivocally related to the four bands of the SL.

The spin splitting between the energy levels corresponding to the pair of spin-up and spin-down states localized at the 8R octagon is about 0.1eV. For the octagon Cilengitide 8N this splitting is ��0.3eV. The octagonal defects introduce local magnetic moments of different polarization at each octagon, thus rendering these systems antiferromagnetic. This finding can be compared to the antiferromagnetic ordering in zigzag graphene nanoribbons.

The sellekchem tibia was segmented from SXCT scans and then used to register all inter- and intrasession scans to a common coordinate system. The results of their study showed that this technique of registration has an error of approximately 1% relative to the mean volume of the residual limb [16].MRI is a nonionising high resolution imaging technique which can provide a clear distinction between tissues. Studies have shown that MRI is an accurate method of soft tissue and bone dimension and volume measurement and has been used to estimate accurate morphological information of different tissues, for example, bone, muscle, and articular cartilage [17�C19]. Additionally, the use of MRI in a residual limb morphological measurement, when common casting materials were used, was validated in previous experiments [15, 20, 21].

The aim of this study was to examine Hands-off and Hands-on inter- and intracast consistency in the form of residual limb shape, volume, length, and transverse cross-sectional surface area and circularity using MRI.2. MethodsTwelve amputees with an established residual limb (at least six months of using prosthesis) without blisters and other skin problems were recruited. The Ethical approval was granted by NHS Glasgow Ethics Committee (reference no. SN08NE446) and all amputees gave informed consent before participation.The residual limb was cast four times in a single session sequence, twice for Hands-on and twice for Hands-off method, by a single certified prosthetist with over 30 years of experience.

A random selection sequence was adopted to minimise the effect of one cast on the volume of the residual limb for the subsequent cast. The wet POP, used for casting, was doped with 1gr/lit Copper Sulphate (CS) to enhance signal intensity for improved image segmentation in the MRI scan. The plaster cast, in both casting methods, was extended over the femoral condyles to minimise the cast-residual limb movement. In addition, due to subcutaneous fat causing a chemical shift artefact in the MRI scan, eight layers of Perlon stockinet were applied between residual limb and the overlaying POP (in Hands-on) or silicone liner (in Hands-off) to create a gap (��3mm) to improve image segmentation of the residual limb skin and the casting material.After each cast the residual limb was scanned using MRI.

In order to prevent image distortion resulting from limb movement, the patella was rested over a knee cap receptacle made from polyethylene foam and the thigh region was fixed using pads and straps. The sagittal Fast Spoiled Gradient Recall Echo (FSPGR) pulse sequence with the following parameters was adopted: field intensity 3T, repetition time Drug_discovery 6.9s, time of echo 1.5s, inversion time 500ms, Bandwidth 31.25KHz, flip angle 12deg, matrix 256 �� 256, slice thickness 1.2mm, voxel dimensions 1.17 �� 1.17 �� 0.6mm, and a 1-signal average.

Again, the complex pathophysiology of transmission of airway pressure changes to intrathoracic vascular structures [12,14,15] justified analyzing specifically the performance of ��RESPPP in ARDS patients.Interestingly, our mean ��RESPPP was low at baseline (5.2%) compared with most studies exhibiting values close to 12% [2] (6% to 10% in ARDS patients [10,17]). Many http://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-DMAG,Hydrochloride-Salt.html causes can be identified to explain this low baseline ��RESPPP value. First, it may be a consequence of including patients already resuscitated. Indeed, large volume expansion before inclusion (not recorded) may explain the low variations in blood pressure waveform we observed. However, despite this initial resuscitation, 40% of our patients were still fluid responders.

Second, as previously shown [7,8,10,11], the low ��RESPPP may also be related to the low Vt used in our population (6.9 �� 0.95 ml-1 kg-1) compared with other studies reporting values of at least 8 ml-1 kg-1 [1,4,31-36]. Third, beyond their Vt dependency, breath-related indices also depend on the RR, and more specifically on the HR:RR ratio [16]. Again, our respiratory settings (RR, 24 �� 6/minute; HR:RR ratio, 4.5 �� 1.6) differed from those previously reported, with values ranging from 8 to 17/minute for mean RR and from 5 to 8 for mean HR:RR ratio [8,31-33,36]. It is noteworthy that these two limitations of ��RESPPP (low Vt and high RR) often come together in particular in case of ARDS. Figure Figure55 illustrates the impact of Vt and HR:RR ratio on ��RESPPP in our population.Figure 5Baseline ��RESPPP according to Vt and HR:RR ratio.

Beyond chest wall compliance, ��RESPPP is influenced by Vt [10], HR:RR ratio [16] and fluid responsiveness status. This is confirmed in our study population by using a composite index including …Beyond these limitations (low Vt and high RR) causing false-negative cases of ��RESPPP, false-positive cases may also arise because of a common phenomenon during ARDS: pulmonary artery hypertension [37,38] and/or right ventricular dysfunction [39]. We only searched for marked ultrasonographic signs of acute cor pulmonale (arrows in Figure Figure1).1). Performing more sophisticated measurements of right ventricular function (for example, peak systolic velocity of tricuspid annular motion) would have sensitized the detection of this restriction for ��RESPPP usefulness [39].

It is noteworthy that pulmonary artery AV-951 hypertension and/or right ventricular failure may be an even more frequent limitation of ��RESPPP in case of later or more severe ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 <70) than patients whom we included.Moreover, changes in chest wall compliance may also affect ��RESPPP, positively or negatively. Decreased chest wall compliance, observed in cases of intraabdominal hypertension (extrapulmonary ARDS) [40] increases respiratory pleural pressure variations for a given Vt [14,15]. Thus, ��RESPPP may be higher and present false-positive results in this situation.