g., the Seal Sands borehole is the deepest borehole in UK at 4194 m; the Kola Superdeep Borehole at 12,262 m is the deepest borehole in the world, whereas Sakhalin-1 at 12,345 m is the longest). Here, changes to the rock fabric include the drilling of the borehole itself, together with any associated caving-in of the hole, especially where

poorly indurated rocks are drilled. Ancillary changes include infiltration of drilling mud into porous rock, and the addition to the rock mass of any casing left in the hole. Boreholes are no longer simply vertical holes, but now may involve arrays of carefully directed low-angle or horizontal holes steered so as to fully exploit underground resources. Fig. 3 shows the ∼1 million this website boreholes in Great Britain colour-coded by depth (Fig. 4). By contrast with mining, the material extracted through boreholes is in fluid form (liquid or gas), LY2157299 ic50 replacing oil, for instance by water drawn in from adjacent rocks (or with high-pressure carbon dioxide pumped down for sequestration or simply to enhance oil recovery). These changes to pore fluid composition may nowadays be tracked in real time with geophysical methods, and may be associated both with diagenetic mineralization and with topographic changes at the surface. A specific

variant is represented by the ∼1500 boreholes drilled in some restricted parts of the world for underground nuclear test explosions

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing). The holes here are mostly obliterated by a rather larger trace, comprising a mass of strongly shock-brecciated rock surrounding a melt core (both these faces currently being strongly radioactive), commonly being surrounded by roughly circular fault systems, outlining surface crater systems that, in the Yucca Flats test site, reach several hundred metres across (Grasso, 2000 and NNSA, 2005). The Cannikin underground test on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian chain generated sufficient melt that, cooled and crystallized, is equivalent to a moderate-sized GPX6 volcanic lava dome (Eichelberger et al., 2002). Increasingly, storage facilities are being constructed in the subsurface, in many cases because it is considered a safer environment to store potentially dangerous materials. These storage facilities may be constructed specifically to hold the materials, or in many cases re-use existing caverns produced during mineral excavation. These facilities are used to temporarily store energy resources, e.g. Liquefied Petroleum Gas or compressed air energy storage, to provide long-term burial of hazardous wastes such as nuclear waste, CO2 sequestration, or the re-use of mined spaces such as halite for the safe preservation of records or armaments stores within a controlled environment.

RNA was reverse transcribed with oligo(dT) primers using the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System for reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; Invitrogen) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Primers specific to each gene were designed using the Primer3Plus software (http://www.bioinformatics.nl/cgi-bin/primer3plus/primer3plus.cgi) and synthesized by Invitrogen. The resulting cDNA was amplified by PCR using the gene-specific

primers and the 7300 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and a QuantiTectTM SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). A log-linear relationship between the amplification curve and quantity of cDNA in the range of 1 to 1000 copies was observed. The cycle number at the threshold was used as the threshold cycle (Ct). Changes in the expression of mRNA were detected from 2− ΔΔCt using the 7300 Real Time PCR System with Sequence Detection Software (version Crenolanib concentration 1.4; Applied Biosystems). The amount of cDNA in each sample was normalized to the crossing point of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The following thermal cycling parameters were used: denaturation at 95°C for 10 minutes followed by 45 cycles at 94°C for 15 seconds, 55°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 30 seconds. The relative up-regulation of mRNA for each gene in the control was calculated using their respective crossing points with GDC-0199 solubility dmso the following formula, as previously described [14]: F=2(TH−TG)−(OH−OG)F=2TH−TG−OH−OGwhere

F is the fold difference, T is control, O is the treated cell or tumor, H is the housekeeping gene (GAPDH), not and G is the gene of interest. C-src tyrosine kinase primers: CSK F (forward), 5′-GAATACCTGGAGGGCAACAA-3 Caveolin 3 primers: CAV3 F (forward), 5′-TTTGCCAAGAGGCAGCTACT-3 GAPDH primers: GAPDH F (forward), 5′- GAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGT-3 To assess the gene expression of caveolin 3 and c-src tyrosine kinase with quantitative RT-PCR, athymic mice harboring U87ΔEGFR brain tumors were killed at 18 days after tumor implantation. The tumor-bearing right hemispheres of the brains were excised and processed for RNA. Student’s t-test was used to test for statistical significance. Data are presented as the means ± standard error. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the use of SPSS statistical software (version 20; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL). U87ΔEGFR orthotopic tumors proliferate with aggressive angiogenic growth (Figure 1A). Treatment with bevacizumab reduced angiogenesis in U87ΔEGFR orthotopic tumor tissues in the rat with a regression of tumor size ( Figure 1B). The density of tumor vessels was significantly decreased by bevacizumab ( Figure 1C). The short diameter of tumor vessels tended to be larger, but there was no significant difference ( Figure 1D).

By providing a quality measure of the fit of the derived structure, it is analogous to the R-factor used for assessing structures derived using crystallography. The comparison of simulated and measured NOESY

spectra allows an estimate of the magnitude and direction of changes to be made to the molecule that might improve the agreement between the spectra. In order to achieve the full benefit of back-calculation, it is necessary to make it an integral part of the strategy for protein structure determination. This would involve a Dolutegravir datasheet readjustment of the distance restrains used in the structure calculation steps after analyzing the calculated NOESY spectrum. A new structure would be calculated and the process repeated until simulated and measured spectra match. For structure determination on the basis of distance constraints such as distance geometry and constrained find more molecular dynamics, among others, specialized softwares like NMRchitect can be used. The validity of the NMR method was established

conclusively by determining the three dimensional structure of the protein “tendamist” independently using NMR and normal X-ray diffraction analysis (Billiter et al., 1989). At present the use of 1H, 13C and 15N labeled proteins, three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy together with TROSY offer a way to improve spectral resolution and circumvent problems due to larger line widths that are associated with increasing molecular weight. With these methodologies the determination of a high resolution NMR structure of proteins in the range of 100 kDa has been made possible (for review see Tugarinov et al., 2004). As discussed before NMR spectroscopy is a useful tool for studying one of the most important issues in biology, the

interaction of ligands with macromolecules. When part of the macromolecule is in close proximity to a bound ligand, a NOE can be observed in the ligand if the protons in Y-27632 2HCl the macromolecule are irradiated (James and Cohn, 1974). Concomitant with the developments in two-dimensional NMR and the use of NMR to determine the structure of peptides and proteins in solution, interest in transfer NOE (TRNOE) emerged (Cambell and Sykes, 1993). TRNOE is the extension of two dimensional NOE to exchanging systems such as ligand–protein complexes. TRNOE measurements give information on the conformation of the bound ligand. This methodology has been used to study the conformations of nucleotides bound to peptides and proteins (Leanz and Hammes, 1986 and Koide et al., 1989), binding of peptides to phospholipid bilayers (Milon et al., 1990), the codon to anticodon interaction (Clore et al., 1984), binding of peptides to enzymes (Meyer et al., 1988), binding of hormones to proteins (Live et al., 1987), drug discovery (Lucas et al., 2003) and binding of ligands to enzymes (Kuntothom et al., 2010). This methodology is used to characterize the binding of a ligand to a macromolecule at atomic resolution.

Moreover, our results revealed that neutrophils are the first cells recruited to the peritoneal cavity after the Ts2 or Ts6 injection. These cells together with resident cells characterize the inflammatory response by releasing inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, LTB4 and PGE2, and increasing

the total protein amounts. Concurrently, the same selleck chemicals cells release anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-4, to re-establish the homeostasis. However, the release of large amounts of inflammatory mediators overcomes the anti-inflammatory mediators. Subsequently, macrophages, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are recruited to re-establish the basal homeostatic state, in a mechanism partially dependent on PGs and LTs. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that both Ts2 and Ts6 induced inflammatory response by mechanism dependent on lipid mediators and cytokines production. Moreover, the data suggested that Ts2 have a regulatory role in the inflammatory response, because it stimulated IL-10 production. Ts6 showed exclusive pro-inflammatory activity. Our results GSI-IX in vivo emphasize the importance of studies that aim to better understand the role of isolated toxins in envenomation. The mechanisms and the underlying signaling pathways, as well as the novel approaches for alternative treatments, might be useful in diminishing the lesions

caused by T. serrulatus venom and will be the focus of our next work. We certify that human subjects were not used in this work. We are grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support. The authors would like to acknowledge Fabiana Rosseto Morais for technical assistance by Flow cytometry, Izaira T. Brandão by LAL test, Francisco W. G. Paula e Silva for critical comments

and Dr. Francisco Silveira Guimaraes by helping in the interpretation of statistical data. “
“According to the effects of venom in humans, accidents caused by spiders can be categorized in, at least, two distinct groups: those producing necrotic ulceration, and the ones that do not. Arachnidism produced by widow spiders (Theridiidae) enough will result in systemic symptoms but with minimal tissue damage. Envenomation by Agelenidae family (araneomorph funnel-web spiders, including hobo and grass spiders) results in severe tissue damage (Mattiello-Sverzut et al., 1998; Elston et al., 2000) and, in a minority of accidents, also systemic symptoms. Local necrosis and systemic symptoms are observed in the events incited by Sicariidae (Loxosceles; recluse and fiddlehead spiders) ( Madrigal et al., 1972; Barbaro et al., 1992). Tarantulas (Theraphosidae, Mygalomorphae) bites are considered to be painful, but do not induce local necrosis or systemic effects ( Saucier, 2004).

Camila Zambone C. Da Silva was a recipient of graduate fellowships from FAPESP (grant 07/56280-0). “
“The author name of Cynthia Shannon Weickert was published incorrectly as Cynthia Shannon Weicker. The correct author name is Cynthia Shannon Weickert. “
“The aim of this paper is to present a theory that tries to bridge the gap between ongoing oscillatory brain activity in the alpha frequency range and the generation of early components of the visual event-related

potential (ERP). It is suggested that early ERP components – and the P1 in particular – are generated at least in part by oscillations in the alpha frequency range (cf. Klimesch et al., 2007a, Klimesch et al., 2007b and Sauseng this website et al., 2007 for an extensive discussion and review of this issue). Thus, Selleck DZNeP we start with a brief outline of the functionality

of alpha in this section. Then, in Section 2, we discuss the functionality of the P1 in relation to alpha on the basis of a brief selective literature review. In Section 3, the details of the proposed theory are presented, and its explanatory power and predictions are discussed. The central hypothesis thereby is that the P1 amplitude reflects inhibition that enables the suppression of task irrelevant and potentially competing processes. Finally, in Section 4, we focus on a variety of implications of this theory with respect to cognitive and physiological Tideglusib processes. The proposed theory is based on two general assumptions about the generation and modulation of the visual P1 component. (1) The first assumption relates the P1 component to alpha oscillations and comprises three aspects: (1a) The P1 is generated and modulated at least in part by alpha oscillations. The inhibition-timing hypothesis is the central link between the inferred (physiological and cognitive) functionality of alpha and the P1. Thus, we start with a brief summary of this hypothesis (see Klimesch et al. 2007a for an extensive review). The central idea is that alpha reflects inhibitory processes

(operating under top–down control or in a default like mode) that control cortical activation. Alpha amplitude (or power) is associated with a certain level of inhibition whereas phase reflects the time and direction of a rhythmic change in inhibition (build up of and release from inhibition). For event-related processes and the generation of early ERP components we assume that alpha phase reorganization will be a powerful mechanism for the event-related timing of cortical processes that underlie the generation of the P1 (cf. Klimesch et al., 2007b). With respect to its cognitive functionality, we have suggested that alpha reflects a basic processing mode that controls the flow of information in the cortex of the human brain (Klimesch et al., 2007a and Klimesch et al., 2007b).

However, these experimental conditions, which are different

from natural growing environments (field conditions) in combination with the border effects R428 purchase associated with small plots, have been shown to modify the responses of plants to increasing [CO2] [21] and [22]. FACE experiments, conducted in fully open-air field conditions without altering microclimatic and biotic variables, represent our best simulations of the future high CO2 environment. Over the last decade, only two large-scale (12 m × 12 m plots) replicated rice FACE experiments have been conducted worldwide (1997–2006). Both experiments used a similar FACE technology and employed the same target [CO2], 570 μmol mol− 1[23], [24] and [25]. There have been reports on the effects of elevated [CO2] and N supply on the growth, nutrient uptake, root development, and yield of inbred japonica cultivars [13], [14], [25], [26], [27], [28] and [29], but no simulated prediction for root number and length has been made. Compared with conventional rice cultivars, hybrid rice cultivars exhibit better

tillering ability, thus a relatively IDH inhibitor cancer higher growth rate. The effects of FACE and N on root growth may be different. In the present study, the hybrid rice cultivar Shanyou 63, the most widely used hybrid rice variety in China for the past 15 years [30], was used to study the effects of FACE under two N levels on root number and length, and the results were used for model development. The models may provide information for root growth control and high-yield cultivation of rice. The experiment was conducted in Xiaoji, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (32°35′5″ N, 119°42′

E) in 2005 and 2006. The farm used in this study had fluvisol soil (local name, Qingni soil) with annual mean precipitation of 980 mm, evaporation of 1100 mm, temperature of 14.9 °C, total sunshine hours of 2100 h, and frostfree period of 220 d. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were as follows: soil organic carbon (SOC) 18.4 g kg− 1, Interleukin-3 receptor total N 1.45 g kg− 1, total P 0.63 g kg− 1, total K 14 g kg− 1, available P 10.1 mg kg− 1, available K 70.5 mg kg− 1, sand (0.02–2.00 mm) 578.4 g kg− 1, silt (0.002–0.020) 285.1 g kg− 1, clay (< 0.002 mm) 136.5 g kg− 1, and pH 7.2. The FACE system comprised six FACE plots located in different fields with similar soil and agronomic histories. Of these plots, three were allocated for FACE experiments (hereafter called E-[FACE]) and another three for ambient treatments (hereinafter called A-[FACE]). To reduce the influence of CO2 emission, the distance between E-[FACE] plots and A-[FACE] was more than 90 m. Each E-[FACE] plot was designed as an octagon with a largest diameter of 12.5 m. In the E-[FACE] plots, pure CO2 gas was released from peripheral emission tubes and the [CO2] was about 570 μmol mol− 1. The FACE treatment was controlled by a computer system.

Recently, mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) gene were identified as causative for up to 70% of all NBIA

cases. Hence, this subtype of NBIA was designated pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) [30] and [31]. The first symptoms usually occur during childhood and patients initially present with walking difficulties. Later www.selleckchem.com/products/OSI-906.html the typical symptoms consisting of dysarthria, dystonia and visual problems occur [32]. To date, the diagnosis is obtained using MR imaging showing the pathognomonic hypointensity within the globus pallidus along with high signal intensity in the center of the globus pallidus internus also known as “eye-of-the-tiger-sign” (EOT-sign) on T2-weighted images [33]. The verification of the diagnosis is done by documentation of PANK2 mutation. As the clinical presentation of patients can be unspecific and the MR imaging implies sedation in children, we recently performed a study examining the diagnostic properties of TCS in the diagnosis of NBIA. In this DZNeP molecular weight small study, 7 patients were examined by transcranial ultrasound and the results were compared to age matched controls without any history of neurological disease [17]. Interestingly, we found a highly significant hyperechogenicity of the SN in NBIA patients. Surprisingly,

we were not able to detect valid changes within the basal ganglia, which in MRI usually display the pathognomonic EOT sign. As already discussed for Wilson’s disease, further

studies and more experience are needed to evaluate this shortcoming of TCS in the area of the basal ganglia. Due to the limited size of our study the findings need to be reproduced in a bigger cohort of patients. Nevertheless, it provides good evidence for the usefulness of TCS especially in children with suspected movement disorders prior to genetic testing or MR imaging. Since the initial finding by Becker and co-workers, that TCS is capable of displaying changes in the SN in PD patients, the application of this method in the early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson related movement disorders is already part of the basic diagnostics in the clinical setting. To date, intensive research is examining the properties of this method in various diseases, especially Tideglusib in those where metal accumulation is causative or a result of the disorder. Unfortunately, this research usually is performed and focussed on adults. Because of the simplicity of this method, the ability to use it in patients without sedation and the lack of side effects a broader application is desirable with special focus on the pediatric field. “
“The estimation of cerebral venous hemodynamic disturbances in literature is described mainly in adults. Diagnosis of such disturbances in children is not detected in time, though they often turn out to be one of the main evidence of cerebrovascular pathology.

While mounting evidence suggests that noninvasive brain stimulation may be a useful adjunctive treatment for patients with aphasia after stroke, both TMS and tDCS have limitations that must be considered. One important caveat regarding noninvasive brain stimulation techniques is their limited spatial resolution and the difficulty of knowing precisely which region or regions of the brain are being affected. These concerns are especially applicable

to tDCS, which employs relatively large electrodes Alpelisib (typically 5 × 7 or 5 × 5 cm) for stimulation. Evidence from computer modeling studies also suggests that the distribution of current in the brain associated with tDCS can be quite diffuse, and that regions of maximal stimulation can be unpredictable, varying with factors like reference Z-VAD-FMK ic50 electrode size and position (Bikson, Datta, & Elwassif, 2009). While the spatial resolution of TMS is understood to be considerably higher than that of tDCS, evidence suggests that the degree of spatial resolution required to target specific cortical sites such as the pars triangularis is achieved more readily when rTMS is used in conjunction with image-guided navigation techniques (Julkunen et al., 2009), which are not employed by many investigators currently using TMS. Moreover, predictions

about neurophysiologic effects of brain stimulation are further complicated in stroke patients by the presence of lesions of varying size and distribution (Wagner et al., 2006). Another

important limitation of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques in aphasia is that current understanding of their neurophysiologic effects and their impact on behavior remains incomplete. For example, while low-frequency rTMS is often presumed to have inhibitory effects Casein kinase 1 and high frequency rTMS to have excitatory effects on cortical activity and related behaviors, considerable interindividual variability in these effects has been observed (Gangitano et al., 2002). Perplexingly, some studies that have employed TMS and tDCS in patients with aphasia have reported results contrary to what would have been predicted based on the findings of other investigators. For instance, recent tDCS studies have reported improvement on language performance measures in aphasic patients receiving stimulation of opposite polarities—either cathodal (Monti et al., 2008) or anodal (Baker et al., 2010)—to the left frontal lobe. Thus, while a growing body of evidence suggests that noninvasive brain stimulation techniques may be useful for facilitating aphasia recovery, specific inferences about the anatomic or functional mechanisms of TMS and tDCS in patients with aphasia must still be viewed with some caution until more data has been reported. Varying accounts of post-stroke language recovery are not mutually exclusive.

Diagnostic imaging plays a central role in ARM evaluation. Because of the lack of ionizing radiation, excellent intrinsic contrast resolution, multiplanar imaging capabilities, technical advances in hardware, and innovative imaging protocols, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is increasingly important in assessment of ARM patients in utero, postnatally before definitive surgical DNA-PK inhibitor correction, and in the postoperative period. This article discusses the role of MR imaging in evaluating ARM patients. Matthew R. Hammer, Jonathan R. Dillman, Ethan A. Smith, and Mahmoud

M. Al-Hawary Noninvasive, nonionizing, multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the pelvis using a field strength of 3-T now provides a comprehensive assessment of perineal involvement in pediatric Crohn disease. MR imaging accurately evaluates inflammatory disease activity, and allows determination of the number and course of fistula tracts as well as their relationships Everolimus to vital perianal structures, including the external anal sphincter, helping to guide surgical management and improve outcomes. This article provides an up-to-date review of perineal MR imaging findings of Crohn disease in the pediatric population, including fistulous disease, abscesses, and skin manifestations.

Imaging technique is also discussed. Ethan A. Smith Advances in the treatment of pediatric abdominopelvic malignancies have increased survival drastically. Imaging is critical in initial tumor characterization/staging, assessment of treatment response, and surveillance following therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is playing an increasing role in the care of these patients due to its lack of ionizing radiation, superior contrast resolution and the ability to characterize tumors based on tissue characteristics (e.g., Ergoloid T1 and T2 relaxation times). Modern MR techniques also allow for assessment of tumors based on functional characteristics. This

article is focused on emerging MRI technologies and potential applications in the imaging of pediatric abdominopelvic malignancies. Ranjith Vellody, Peter S. Liu, and David M. Sada Although traditional catheter-based angiography has been the gold standard for pediatric abdominal and pelvic vascular imaging for the past several decades, advances in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have made it a viable alternative. MRA offers several advantages in that it is noninvasive, can be performed without ionizing radiation, and does not necessarily rely on contrast administration. The ability of modern MRA techniques to define variant vascular anatomy and detect vascular disease may obviate traditional angiography in some patients. Index 861 “
“Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2013, 17:506–514 This review comes from a themed issue on Energy Edited by Michael D Burkart and Stephen P Mayfield For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 26th March 2013 1367-5931/$ – see front matter, © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.

01, Dunnett’s test) as compared to the negative (saline) control group ( Fig. 1). An increase in PAR-positive nuclei was also observed

in the lungs of Printex®- and Aerosil®-treated animals (both about 1.4-fold), but remained below statistical significance ( Fig. 1). All three dusts induced comparable numbers of PAR-positive nuclei, irrespective of particle type (when comparing crystalline and amorphous silica, same mass dose) and mass dose (when comparing the two poorly soluble dusts quartz DQ12 AZD2014 mw and Printex® 90 ( Fig. 2A), the latter with a three times higher mass dose) (one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test). PAR thus did not differentiate well between the different particle treatments three months after the first and one month after the last exposure. In the present study, γ-H2AX foci formation was quantified in particle-exposed lung tissue Ruxolitinib datasheet to monitor potentially mutagenic DSB (see Fig. 2B for representative image). Three months after the first and one month after the last instillation, the lungs of Printex® 90- and quartz DQ12-treated rats showed statistically highly significant increases (2.1- and 2.4-fold, respectively) in γ-H2AX-positive nuclei per mm2 (p ≤ 0.001, Dunnett’s test) as compared to the negative (saline) control

group ( Fig. 1). Aerosil® 150-treated rats also demonstrated a slight but not significant, about 1.4-fold increase in γ-H2AX-positive nuclei per mm2, but phosphorylation of H2AX was less pronounced compared to the other treatment groups. One-way ANOVA with

Tukey post hoc test revealed significant differences between quartz DQ12- and Aerosil® 150- (p ≤ 0.001) and between Aerosil® 150- and Printex® 90-treated animals (p ≤ 0.01), but not between quartz DQ12- and Printex® 90-exposed rats. In summary, compared to PAR, quantification of γ-H2AX-positive nuclei seemed Vitamin B12 to differentiate better between the genotoxic potentials of the different particle treatments. The pre-mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-OH-dG was immunohistochemically quantified in particle-treated rat lungs (see Fig. 2C for representative image). Three months after the first and one month after the last particle instillation, 8-OH-dG-positive nuclei per mm2 were highly significantly increased by a factor of 2.7 in alveolar lining cells from quartz DQ12-exposed rats (p ≤ 0.001, Dunnett’s test) as compared to the saline control group (see Fig. 1). Printex® 90 and Aerosil® 150 also significantly increased (both p ≤ 0.01) the mean number of 8-OH-dG-positive nuclei per mm2 in exposed lung tissue (1.8- and 1.9-fold, respectively) as compared to the negative controls. These data indicate that all particle types induced some oxidative stress after intratracheal instillation into the rat lung with subsequent oxidative DNA damage. Using the one-way ANOVA/Tukey post hoc test, it could be demonstrated that DQ12-treated animals exhibited a significantly higher frequency of 8-OH-dG-positive nuclei in alveolar lining cells (p ≤ 0.