It was next investigated whether the TA genes were located on a plasmid or the chromosome of the MRSA and PA isolates. The sequences directly upstream and downstream of the mazEFSa and relBEPa TA genes are highly conserved among the completed S. aureus and PA genomes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome database, whereas the flanking regions of parDEPa and higBAPa are conserved in

P. aeruginosa PAO1, LESB85 and UCBPP-PA14, but are different in strain PA7. Primers were designed (Table 1 and Fig. 1) to amplify the sequences flanking the TA genes based on the conserved sequence in S. aureus strains and in P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA7. In this experiment the presence of a PCR product would suggest chromosomal location of the TA systems. PCR analysis revealed that in 100% (78/78) of the MRSA isolates, the regions upstream and downstream of the mazEFSa genes were amplified HM781-36B molecular weight with the flanking region primers, suggesting a chromosomal location with sufficient homology to the S. aureus reference strains in the NCBI database. In the PA

isolates, both flanking regions of the parDEPa genes in all isolates (13/13, 100%) were amplified using primers homologous to the PAO1 reference sequence. The flanking regions of nearly all relBEPa genes (41/42, 97%) were amplified, except for strain 1284, for which no flanking region could be amplified. Amplification was observed for the downstream sequence of every higBAPa loci (42/42, 100%) as well as for the region upstream of higBAPa except for in 10 strains (32/42, Selleckchem PD0325901 76%). For these 10 strains, Metalloexopeptidase PCR was performed with various primers designed based on the PAO1 reference sequence, as well as primers designed to probe the upstream sequence of higBAPa observed in P. aeruginosa PA7; however, no product was amplified in any of these cases. All results from the flanking region PCR are listed in Table S2. DNA sequencing was performed on >10% of the PCR products to confirm the identity of the amplified sequence. Sequenced PCR products

revealed a strong sequence identity for the mazFSa upstream and downstream regions (91.5–98.6%) compared with the reference sequence from the S. aureus COL genome (Fig. S5). The flanking region PCR products of parDEPa (92.6–98.2%), relBEPa (96.2–99.4%), and higBAPa (91.8–99.4%) also showed strong sequence identity to the reference P. aeruginosa PAO1 sequence (Figs S6–S8). To determine whether the TA systems were transcribed by the clinical isolates, RT-PCR was performed with total RNA isolated from >10% of strains shown by PCR to contain the genes for each TA system. The oligonucleotide sequences of all primers used for RT-PCR are listed in Table 1, and Fig. 1 depicts the regions of homology. The mazEFSa transcript was detected from the total RNA of all nine MRSA strains probed by RT-PCR (Fig. 3a). Similarly, the transcripts for relBEPa (6/6), higBAPa (5/5), and parDEPa (3/3) transcripts were detected in all PA strains probed by RT-PCR (Fig. 3b).

HIV-infected patients were enrolled consecutively from two different urban teaching hospitals in Seoul,

South Korea between March 2012 and September 2012. Participants completed a detailed NP assessment of six cognitive domains commonly affected by HIV. The Frascati criteria were used for diagnosing HAND. Four key questions, the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment find more (MoCA)-K were also assessed as potential tools for screening for HAND. Among the 194 participants, the prevalence of HAND was 26.3%. Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder accounted for 52.9 and 47.1% of the patients with HAND, respectively. In multivariate analysis, haemoglobin (Hb) level ≤ 13 g/dL (P = 0.046) and current use of a protease inhibitor-based

regimen (P = 0.031) were independent risk factors for HAND. The sensitivity and specificity of the IHDS were 72.6 and 60.8%, and those of MoCA-K were 52.9 and 73.4%, respectively. The IHDS (P < 0.001) and MoCA-K (P < 0.001) were both useful for screening for HAND. Among NP tests, the sensitivity and specificity of the Grooved Pegboard Test were 90.2 and 72.0%, and those of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were 61.2 and 84.4%, respectively. HAND is a prevalent comorbidity in HIV-infected Koreans. Active screening and diagnosis with effective tools, such as the IHDS, MoCA-K and Grooved Pegboard Test, could be used to identify this important complication. "
“The combination of HIV, chronic HBV infection and pregnancy presents unique management questions. Referral to the local Pifithrin-�� molecular weight designated

specialist should be undertaken to ensure that all aspects of care are addressed, including: the effects of HBV/HIV on pregnancy; effects of pregnancy on the course of coinfection; drug management for both HBV and HIV; and ADP ribosylation factor PMTCT for both viruses. The prevalence of HBV coinfection in pregnant women tends to reflect that of the adult population (Europe/Africa 4–10%) [[3][[4][#[5]][6]]165] and is 40% higher than that found in the general population (HIV positive vs. HIV uninfected: RR 1.40; 95% CI 1.16–1.69) [6]. Up to one-third of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are wild type [hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive] and, depending on region, up to 6% are coinfected with HDV. Rates of HBV/HIV coinfection vary with race and ethnicity so that changing immigration patterns in Western countries with traditionally low prevalence may significantly influence rates at a regional level (e.g. 6% among Asian women in the USA vs. 0.6% in white women) [7]. The same is true for injection drug use (prevalence <0.1% in north-west Europe compared to 1–4% in southern Europe) and sexual transmission (prevalence higher in men who have sex with men). Although plausible because of higher levels of HBV DNA in coinfected women, there is no evidence of increased MTCT in coinfection over mono-infection.

During laparotomy, two electrodes were implanted into the stomach and high-frequency low-energy GES (14 Hz, 5 mA) was applied.

The effects of 1 h GES were compared with sham stimulation. After GES, c-Fos expression was increased in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stimulated area (174%). In the stomach, GES increased ghrelin mRNA (178%) and doubled the number of ghrelin-positive cells, resulting in elevated plasma levels of ghrelin (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.2 ng/mL). In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, GES increased c-Fos (277%) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) mRNA expression (135%). GES reduced Nutlin-3 manufacturer the number of c-Fos-positive cells throughout the nucleus of the solitary tract (between 93 and 75% from rostral to caudal levels) including catecholaminergic

neurons (81% at caudal level). Gastric emptying, Quizartinib plasma glucose and heart rate variability were not affected by GES. This study shows that GES may improve appetite via stimulation of main orexigenic pathways, including ghrelin production in the stomach and AgRP in the hypothalamus, as well as by reducing the activity of catecholaminergic brainstem neurons. “
“Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms that control neural progenitor differentiation and behavior, as well as their functional integration into adult neural circuitry, are far from being understood. Given the complexity of the mammalian brain, non-mammalian models provide an excellent model to study neurogenesis, including both the cellular composition of the neurogenic microenvironment, and the factors required for precursor growth and maintenance. In particular, we chose to address the question of the control of progenitor proliferation by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) using the zebrafish dorsal mesencephalon, known as the optic tectum (OT), as a model system. Here we show that either inhibiting pharmacologically

or eliminating hedgehog (Hh) signaling by using mutants that lack essential components of the Hh pathway reduces neural progenitor MTMR9 cell proliferation affecting neurogenesis in the OT. On the contrary, pharmacological gain-of-function experiments result in significant increase in proliferation. Importantly, Shh-dependent function controls neural progenitor cell behavior as sox2-positive cell populations were lost in the OT in the absence of Hh signaling, as evidenced in slow-muscle-omitted (smu) mutants and with timed cyclopamine inhibition. Expressions of essential components of the Hh pathway reveal for the first time a late dorsal expression in the embryonic OT. Our observations argue strongly for a role of Shh in neural progenitor biology in the OT and provide comparative data to our current understanding of progenitor/stem cell mechanisms that place Shh as a key niche factor in the dorsal brain.

The resultant plasmids were named pg5′DAA and pg3′DAA, respectively.

The pg5′DAA, pgEaA, and pg3′DAA plasmids were used by LR recombination, and the DNA cassette from the resultant plasmid digested with PstI was used for A. oryzae transformation. For A. oryzae transformation, the DNA fragments or plasmids were introduced into each host strain using a standard method. Confirmation of aipA disruptants and transformants that contain a single plasmid with the niaD BGB324 nmr selective marker by Southern blot analysis was performed as described previously (Higuchi et al., 2009b). For YTH screening, we used the Matchmaker™ Library Construction and Screening Kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. We constructed an A. oryzae cDNA library expressed in yeast as follows: total RNA (1 μg) from A. oryzae strain RIB40 [wild type (WT)] cultured in Czapek-Dox (CD) medium (0.3% NaNO3, 0.2% KCl, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.05% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.002% FeSO4·7H2O, CH5424802 mouse and 2% glucose, pH 5.5) for 24 h was prepared using an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). For the generation of first-strand cDNA, a random primer (CDS III/6 primer) was utilized. Double-strand cDNA and pGADT7-Rec were transformed into S. cerevisiae strain AH109, and the resulting transformants were used as the cDNA library for YTH screening.

For the generation of a strain as bait in YTH screening, the Aoabp1 coding sequence was introduced into the SmaI site of pGBKT7 and the resultant plasmid Selleck Decitabine was transformed to the S. cerevisiae strain Y187. For the generation of bait- and prey-expressing strains, pGBKT7 and circularized pGADT7-Rec, respectively, were used as vector plasmids. As negative controls, strains transformed with empty vectors were

used. Mated strains with both bait and prey proteins were grown on SD/−Leu/−Trp, SD/−Leu/−Trp/−His, SD/−Leu/−Trp/−His with 2 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a competitive inhibitor of S. cerevisiae His3p, or SD/−Leu/−Trp/−His/−Ade plates at 30 °C for 2 or 3 days. GST-fused bait proteins were prepared as follows: the coding sequences of two SH3 domains of AoAbp1 or AipA were introduced into pGEX-6P-1. The resultant plasmids, including empty pGEX-6P-1 as a negative control, were transformed to the Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Glutathione Sepharose 4B (GE Healthcare) was utilized for the GST pull-down assay. Twenty microliters of glutathione sepharose beads (1 : 1 slurry) were washed mildly five times with 500 μL cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Five hundred microliters of lysate with GST or GST-bait was added to the bead solution, which was then mixed with constant rotation at 4 °C for 2 h. After centrifugation at 500 g for 30 s at 4 °C, the beads were gently washed five times with 500 μL cold PBS containing 1% Triton X-100.

The resultant plasmids were named pg5′DAA and pg3′DAA, respectively.

The pg5′DAA, pgEaA, and pg3′DAA plasmids were used by LR recombination, and the DNA cassette from the resultant plasmid digested with PstI was used for A. oryzae transformation. For A. oryzae transformation, the DNA fragments or plasmids were introduced into each host strain using a standard method. Confirmation of aipA disruptants and transformants that contain a single plasmid with the niaD GPCR Compound Library purchase selective marker by Southern blot analysis was performed as described previously (Higuchi et al., 2009b). For YTH screening, we used the Matchmaker™ Library Construction and Screening Kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. We constructed an A. oryzae cDNA library expressed in yeast as follows: total RNA (1 μg) from A. oryzae strain RIB40 [wild type (WT)] cultured in Czapek-Dox (CD) medium (0.3% NaNO3, 0.2% KCl, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.05% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.002% FeSO4·7H2O, LBH589 datasheet and 2% glucose, pH 5.5) for 24 h was prepared using an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). For the generation of first-strand cDNA, a random primer (CDS III/6 primer) was utilized. Double-strand cDNA and pGADT7-Rec were transformed into S. cerevisiae strain AH109, and the resulting transformants were used as the cDNA library for YTH screening.

For the generation of a strain as bait in YTH screening, the Aoabp1 coding sequence was introduced into the SmaI site of pGBKT7 and the resultant plasmid Ureohydrolase was transformed to the S. cerevisiae strain Y187. For the generation of bait- and prey-expressing strains, pGBKT7 and circularized pGADT7-Rec, respectively, were used as vector plasmids. As negative controls, strains transformed with empty vectors were

used. Mated strains with both bait and prey proteins were grown on SD/−Leu/−Trp, SD/−Leu/−Trp/−His, SD/−Leu/−Trp/−His with 2 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a competitive inhibitor of S. cerevisiae His3p, or SD/−Leu/−Trp/−His/−Ade plates at 30 °C for 2 or 3 days. GST-fused bait proteins were prepared as follows: the coding sequences of two SH3 domains of AoAbp1 or AipA were introduced into pGEX-6P-1. The resultant plasmids, including empty pGEX-6P-1 as a negative control, were transformed to the Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Glutathione Sepharose 4B (GE Healthcare) was utilized for the GST pull-down assay. Twenty microliters of glutathione sepharose beads (1 : 1 slurry) were washed mildly five times with 500 μL cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Five hundred microliters of lysate with GST or GST-bait was added to the bead solution, which was then mixed with constant rotation at 4 °C for 2 h. After centrifugation at 500 g for 30 s at 4 °C, the beads were gently washed five times with 500 μL cold PBS containing 1% Triton X-100.

Furthermore, deletion of prb1 results in the accumulation of autophagic bodies in the fungus. Taken together, our results showed that prb1-encoded protease functions in the regulation of virulence, phenotypical traits, and autophagy in C. parasitica. “
“Acinetobacter baumanii, which may AZD9291 order be found in water, is an important emerging hospital-acquired pathogen. Free-living amoebae can be recovered from the same water networks, and it has been shown that these protozoa may support

the growth of other bacteria. In this paper, we have studied potential relationships between A. baumanii and Acanthamoeba species. Two strains of A. baumanii isolated from hospital water were co-cultivated with the trophozoites or supernatants of two free-living amoebae strains: Acanthamoeba castellanii or Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. Firstly, the presence of the amoebae or their supernatants induced a major increase in A. baumanii growth,

compared with controls. Secondly, A. baumanii affected only the viability of A. culbertsonii, with no effect on A. castellanii. Electron microscopy observations of the cultures investigating the bacterial location in the protozoa showed persistence of the bacteria within cyst wall even after 60 days of incubation. In our study, the survival and growth of A. baumanii could be favored by Acanthamoeba strains. Special attention should consequently be paid to the presence Cetuximab mouse of free-living amoebae in hospital water systems, which can promote A. baumanii persistence. Acinetobacter baumanii, a bacterium LY2157299 nmr found in soil and water sources, is an important nosocomial pathogen, especially affecting critically ill patients (Simor et al., 2002).

This organism, responsible for 2–10% of all gram-negative bacterial infections in intensive care units (ICU) (Richet & Fournier, 2006; Caricato et al., 2009), is recognized as an important hospital-acquired pathogen. Numerous outbreaks have been reported, due to cross-transmission from one infected patient (Simor et al., 2002; Villegas & Hartstein, 2003; Herruzo et al., 2004; Maragakis et al., 2004; Richet & Fournier, 2006; Maragakis & Perl, 2008; Markogiannakis et al., 2008). This bacterium can lead to a wide range of local and systemic infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infection and wound infection. An increase of the proportion of ICU-acquired pneumoniae, urinary tract and skin/soft tissue infections due to A. baumanii has been reported (Gaynes & Edwards, 2005). Moreover, multidrug resistance has drastically increased in this bacterium within a few decades (Richet & Fournier, 2006; Markogiannakis et al., 2008). Members of the genus Acinetobacter are ubiquitous microorganisms and A.

All travelers should be included in a discussion about vaccine indications and participate in the decision process,[35] but we believe that VFR travelers to South Asia could benefit from vaccination, despite its limited efficacy in previous reports. In conclusion, younger VFR travelers

in areas that are endemic for typhoid fever seem to be at greater risk of acquiring infection and developing complications. Absolute eosinopenia and increased LFT values could be useful early diagnostic clues in a returning traveler with fever. In our study, there was a high rate of decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, confirming GSK1120212 supplier that the use of third-generation cephalosporins and macrolides in patients from the Indian subcontinent is

most appropriate for the treatment of typhoid. Prevention in this group of travelers is critical and efforts should be targeted at better education and pre-travel immunization. The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest. “
“Millions of tourists and climbers visit high altitudes annually. Many unsuspecting and otherwise healthy individuals may get sick when sojourning to these high regions. Acute mountain sickness represents the Ku-0059436 supplier most common illness, which is usually benign but can rapidly progress to the more severe and potentially fatal forms of high-altitude cerebral edema and high-altitude pulmonary edema. Data were identified by searches of Medline (1965 to May 2012) and references from relevant articles and books. Studies, reviews, and books specifically pertaining to the epidemiology, prevention, and

treatment of high-altitude illnesses in travelers were selected. This review provides information on geographical aspects, physiology/pathophysiology, clinical features, risk factors, and the prevalence of high-altitude illnesses and also state-of-the art recommendations for prevention and treatment of such illnesses. Given an increasing number of recreational activities at high and extreme altitudes, the general practitioner and specialist are in higher demand for medical recommendations regarding the prevention and treatment of altitude illness. Despite an ongoing scientific discussion and controversies about the pathophysiological causes of altitude illness, treatment and prevention recommendations are clearer with www.selleck.co.jp/products/Rapamycin.html increased experience over the last two decades. More than 100 million people visit altitudes up to and higher than 2,500 m (∼8,000 ft) annually.[1] Altitude regions are defined as high altitude (1,500–3,500 m; ∼5,000–11,500 ft), very high altitude (3,500–5,500 m; ∼11,500–18,000 ft), and extreme altitude (>5,500 m; >18,000 ft).[2] Many unsuspecting and otherwise healthy individuals may suffer from high-altitude illnesses when sojourning to these high regions,[3] including thousands of porters and pilgrims developing high-altitude illnesses at a similar incidence as trekkers from western countries.

Side effects were recorded individually and then categorised as being ‘significant’ or ‘minor’. A significant side effect was defined as a potentially life-threatening adverse reaction. Examples were mortality, inability to maintain an airway

or desaturations not corrected by head movements. Minor side effects were defined as any reported adverse events that were non-life-threatening. Examples of minor side effects were more difficult to subcategorise, principally due to an inconsistent use of terminology in studies. All have been reported. Data related to the effectiveness of the sedative were not collected. 4. Types of study: Allocation concealment, patient, operator or assessor blinding were not used as entry criteria for this review. Evidence was ranked according to its quality, and the ranking was as follows (highest first): Randomised controlled clinical trials of effectiveness selleck products and randomised controlled clinical trials looking at adverse outcomes Non-randomised studies. Prospective or retrospective observational studies (including case reports) Reference books and databases describing

adverse effects as listed in Chapter 14 of the Cochrane Review Handbook[6]. The search for RCTs was modelled on that used by Matharu and Ashley[7] in their effectiveness review in 2005. This version was used as the updated review Dabrafenib supplier excludes crossover trials. The search for any other non-randomised studies used a combination of controlled vocabulary and free text terms based on the search strategy as described in Chapter 14 of the Cochrane Handbook[6]. See Fig. 1 for Medline search, Fig. 2 for Embase search [MEDLINE (OVID), 1950 to November 2011 week 1; EMBASE (OVID) 1947–2011 November 8]. This was then supplemented by a further free text search as recommended in Chapter 14 of the Cochrane Handbook[6]. In addition, reference books and regulatory authorities were also searched for reports on oral midazolam using the website search engine and the free text term ‘midazolam’ (full list in Fig. 3)[8-11]. Specialist drug information databases were not searched due to subscription costs and as their usefulness

or additional yield have yet to be formally evaluated in the systematic review setting. The following journals were identified before as being important to be hand searched for this review: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, Journal of American Dental Association, Anesthesia Progress. The journals were hand searched by the review authors for the period January 2000 to November 2011. The reference lists of all eligible trials were checked for additional studies. The search attempted to identify all relevant studies irrespective of language. Non-English papers were translated where possible. Results from these searches were combined together using Reference Manager (Thomson Corp, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The recommended adverse effects search terms as described by Loke et al.

g. functional genomics, microarray analysis, immunochemical and infection model systems), appear to yield comprehensive and definitive information on protein function in fungi. The relative advantages of proteomic, as opposed to transcriptomic-only, analyses

are also described. In the future, combined high-throughput, quantitative proteomics, allied to transcriptomic sequencing, are set to reveal much about protein function in fungi. Fungal proteomics research, especially that related to filamentous fungi, has progressed dramatically over the past 5 years. This has been due to the availability of multiple fungal genome sequences, the advent of next-generation nucleic acid sequencing and the availability of powerful selleck proteomics technologies, especially tandem LC-MS (Martin et al., 2008; Braaksma et al., 2010; Costa et al., 2010). Combined, these technological advances have enabled high-throughput Selleck Ku-0059436 protein identification and functional assignment that was not even considered possible up to 10 years ago. The requirement to further understand the clinical consequences of opportunistic fungal infection, especially in immunocompromised patients, as well as the plant pathogenic nature of fungi, allied to the biotechnological potential of fungal enzymes for biofuel production, have also driven this intense activity (Taylor et

al., 2008; Dagenais & Keller, 2009; Schuster & Schmoll, 2010). Consequently, proteomics, by virtue of its capacity to yield definitive information on protein identity, localization, posttranslational modification and the accuracy of in silico gene model prediction in fungi, has become an integral component of all large-scale ‘omic’ and systems approaches to understanding the rich complexity of fungal biochemistry (Table 1). The lack of information that existed with respect to fungal proteomes has meant that

significant recent research has focused on Farnesyltransferase developing methodologies compatible with optimal protein extraction from fungi, and establishing basic data on the types and relative abundances of proteins present in fungi (Lakshman et al., 2008). Much effort has also been directed at cataloguing mycelial, organellar and secreted proteins (secretome) across a range of fungal species (Bouws et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2008). These approaches have used both individual protein identification following SDS-PAGE or 2D-PAGE fractionation or ‘shotgun’ proteomics, where total protein digests of fungal origin are analysed by tandem LC-MS to generate constituent protein data sets (Carberry et al., 2006; Braaksma et al., 2010). More recently, the dynamic nature of fungal proteomes has been investigated, whereby the effects of carbon sources, antifungal drugs and gene deletion have been explored at the proteomic level (Fernández-Acero et al., 2010; Cagas et al., 2011).

[58] As pharmacy delivered specialised services are a relatively new paradigm, this lack of awareness and experience may haveled to patients

preferring their current alternative/service. Future services need to overcome this status-quo bias in order to ensure their continual uptake by patients and long-term sustainability. External validity testing VX-809 cost of DCE responses is important, especially as these responses are made in regards to hypothetical choices. However, there have been relatively fewer tests of external validity in health DCEs.[30] One possible explanation may be that these DCEs have been conducted in countries with publicly funded health care where patients have limited choice and usually do not pay at the point of consumption for many of the health services, thereby making external validity tests difficult to conduct.[30] Consistent with health DCEs, none of the reviewed pharmacy-related DCE studies conducted tests of external validity. It is, however, important to note that the community pharmacy setting can offer a unique opportunity to conduct such external validity tests for hypothetical WTP estimates especially because pharmacy patients often pay at the point of consumption for many pharmacy services

and interventions.[24, 60] Pharmacy practice researchers need to take advantage of this opportunity and conduct more research in this area of external validity testing. To summarise, our review shows how DCEs have find more been designed, conducted and applied within the field of pharmacy. Clearly, more research is needed, beyond the current applications of patient/pharmacist preferences for products and services. The study emphasises the importance of adopting DCEs in pharmacy practice research and the need Pomalidomide to move beyond the commonly used satisfaction instruments. Further, inclusion of health-outcome related attributes as well as preference measurement for specific disease-management services needs to be conducted. Testing for external validity and the incorporation of DCE in an economic evaluation framework to inform pharmacy policy remain important areas for future research. The Authors have no conflicts

of interest to disclose. The Authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Pradnya Naik-Panvelkar designed the search strategy, searched the databases, selected studies based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, conducted data abstraction and data synthesis and drafted the manuscript. Bandana Saini assisted in selecting studies based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, data abstraction, data synthesis and critically revised the manuscript. Carol Armour assisted in data synthesis and critically revised the manuscript. All Authors state that they had complete access to the study data that support the publication.