A regression analysis revealed that presence of a neurologic impairment, and diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities in the left CST/CBT were significant independent predictors of poor speech and oromotor outcome. These left-lateralized abnormalities were most evident at the level of the posterior limb of the internal capsule.\n\nConclusion Difficulties in speech and oromotor control are common in adolescents born preterm, and adolescents with injury to the CST/CBT pathways in the left-hemisphere may be most at risk. (J Pediatr 2012; 160:402-8).”
“Testicular

adrenal rest tumors (TART) frequently occur in patients SRT1720 nmr with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and can be detected and treated in childhood as well as in adolescence. Due to the intricate dilimitation to other testicular masses the correct diagnosis of TART can be problematic. An extensive endocrinologic evaluation and ultrasound examination are mandatory. Even though TART are benign lesions a high-dose therapy with glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid suppletion is necessary for protecion or regain of fertility.\n\nA surgical approach can be considered, depending on stage of disease and response on drug therapy. Consequent treatment and constant therapy monitoring might significantly

improve long-term outcome.\n\nCurrently PF-562271 there is no validated standard therapy concept, which can be explained by the heterogenity of disease patterns progression

and the limited data available, respectively. Therefore treatment should be subject to specialized centres.”
“Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas Cilengitide inhibitor (EAG; 50, 160, or 500 mg/kg) were investigated in a carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model. Injection of 1 ml of carrageenan (1%) into mouse air pouches markedly increased the exudate volume and exudate albumin concentration, which were significantly attenuated by oral pretreatment with EAG. EAG also markedly reduced carrageenan-induced infiltrations of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but did not influence eosinophils or basophils. Carrageenan dramatically increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, which might be derived from the infiltrated cells. It also elevated nitric oxide, and slightly increased prostaglandin E(2). EAG pretreatment significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor-a and nitric oxide, but did not alter interleukin-6 or prostaglandin E(2) levels. These results indicate that EAG attenuates some inflammatory responses by blocking the tumor necrosis factor-a-nitric oxide pathway, and that EAG could be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate for inflammatory diseases.”
“The optimal formation conditions of pectin-based, as well as new hybrid pectin-guar gum, biosorbents were found.

26 to 1.55; results were more biased when making these adjustments than when using the misclassified exposure values (ROR = 0.91). Conclusions: Making an incorrect

assumption about nondifferential or differential exposure misclassification in bias analyses can lead to more biased results than if no adjustment is performed. In our analyses, incorporating LDC000067 price uncertainty using probabilistic bias analysis was not sufficient to overcome this problem.”
“Two methods are developed for constructing randomization-based confidence sets for the average effect of a treatment on a binary outcome. The methods are nonparametric and require no assumptions about random sampling from a larger population. Both of the resulting 1 – alpha confidence Selleckchem Dinaciclib sets are exact in the sense that the probability of containing the true treatment effect is at least 1

– alpha. Both types of confidence sets are also guaranteed to have width no greater than one. In contrast, a previously proposed asymptotic confidence interval is not exact and may have width greater than 1. The first approach combines Bonferroni-adjusted prediction sets for the attributable effects in the treated and untreated. The second method entails inverting a permutation test. Simulations are presented comparing the two randomization-based confidence sets with the asymptotic interval as well as the standard Wald confidence interval and a commonly used exact interval for the difference in binomial proportions. Results show for small to moderate sample sizes that the permutation confidence set attains the narrowest width on average among the methods that AZD2014 maintain nominal coverage. Extensions that allow for stratifying on categorical baseline covariates are also discussed.

Copyright (C) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Peatland carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange can vary spatially over a few meters because of the heterogeneity in plant communities, differing responses to environmental conditions, and the presence of pools in patterned peatlands. In contrast to the plant communities comprising a peatland’s vegetated surface, permanent pools that are characteristic of peatlands in temperate to subarctic regions are net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. Measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange using the eddy covariance (EC) technique over peatlands without permanent pools do not show the smaller plant scale spatial heterogeneity in fluxes because the atmosphere mixes the variations in fluxes over the EC tower source area. However, if different vegetation communities and pools approach the spatial scale that they form a significant proportion of an EC tower’s source area, such as might be the case in peatlands with pools, they should be able to be discriminated if the surface fluxes by cover type are significantly different.

\n\nResults Our results indicate that there is no statistical difference in length of stay, time to return of bowel function, and time to discontinuation of patient-controlled analgesia between robotic and laparoscopic left and right colectomies. Interestingly, the total procedure time difference between the laparoscopic and robotic colectomies was much smaller than previously published accounts BAY 73-4506 cell line (mean 140 min vs. 135 min for right colectomy;

mean 168 min vs. 203 min for left colectomy).\n\nConclusions Our study is one of the largest reviews of robotic colorectal surgery to date. We believe that our results further demonstrate the equivalence of robotic surgery to laparoscopic surgery in colorectal procedures. Future research should focus on surgeon-specific variables, such as comfort, ergonomics, distractibility, and ease of use, as other ways to potentially distinguish robotic from laparoscopic colorectal surgery.”
“To investigate the absorptive transport behavior of genkwanin and the beneficial effects of monoterpene enhancers with different functional groups, the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) of rats Selleckchem Pexidartinib was used. The results showed that genkwanin was segmentally-dependent and the best absorptive site was the duodenum. The effective permeability coefficient (P-eff) was 1.97 x 10(-4)

cm/s and the absorption rate constant (K-a) was 0.62 x 10(-2) s(-1). Transepithelial transportation descended with increasing concentrations of genkwanin. This AZD1480 solubility dmso was a 1.4-fold increase in Peff by probenecid, whereas a 1.4-fold or 1.6-fold decrease was observed by verapamil and pantoprazole, respectively. Furthermore, among the absorption enhancers, the enhancement with carbonyl (camphor and menthone) was higher than that with hydroxyl (borneol and menthol). The concentration-independent permeability and enhancement

by coperfusion of probenecid indicated that genkwanin was transported by both passive diffusion and multidrug resistance protein (MDR)-mediated efflux mechanisms.”
“Purpose: In Kenya there is need for proper co-ordination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and tuberculosis (TB) treatment as most (60) of the TB patients are also human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. This study aims to determine the difference in response to TB treatment among HIV-negative TB patients and HIV-positive TB patients receiving delayed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at Vihiga District Hospital. Materials and Methods: A total of 116 patients were diagnosed using direct smears from sputum prepared and stained using the Ziehl-Neelsen procedure. The patients were offered HIV testing and counselling, and then categorized into category A (PTB with HIV n=50) and category B (PTB without HIV co-infection n=66). They were put on the same TB chemotherapy of a short course comprising of: Two months of Rifampicin-R, Isoniazid-H, Pyrazinamide-Z and plain Ethambutal-E, followed by six months of Ethambutal and Isoniazid.

We then show a functional interdependence between AT(1)Rs and 5-HT(2B) receptors in fibroblasts by revealing a transinhibition mechanism that may involve heterodimeric receptor complexes. Both serotonin- and angiotensin II-dependent

cytokine production occur via a Src/heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors in cardiac fibroblasts, supporting a common signaling pathway. Finally, MLN2238 research buy we demonstrate that 5-HT(2B) receptors are overexpressed in hearts from patients with congestive heart failure, this overexpression being positively correlated with cytokine and norepinephrine plasma levels. Collectively, these results reveal for the first time that interactions between AT1 and 5-HT(2B) receptors coexpressed by noncardiomyocytes are limiting key events BEZ235 supplier in adrenergic agonist-induced, angiotensin-dependent cardiac hypertrophy. Accordingly, antagonists of 5-HT(2B) receptors might represent novel therapeutics for sympathetic overstimulation-dependent heart failure. (Circ Res. 2009; 104: 113-123.)”
“A water-soluble arabinogalactan-protein (AGP), designated LRGP3, was isolated from the fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Mum Its average molecular weight was 75.6 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that it was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.0:14.9:10.4. Protein accounted for 1.7% of the AGP and was rich in Selleck ATM inhibitor hydroxyproline.

On the basis of monosaccharide composition, partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, ESI-MS, and NMR spectroscopy, LRGP3 was characterized

as a highly branched polysaccharide with a backbone of (1 -> 3)-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl residues, many of which were substituted at the O-6 position by galactosyl or arabinosyl groups. The branches ere composed of (1 -> 5)-linked arabinose, (1 -> 2)-linked arabinose, (1 -> 6)-linked galactose, (1 -> 3)-linked galactose, and (1 -> 2,4)-linked rhamnose, and the major nonreducing termini were alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues.”
“We performed a systematic review of factors affecting parental decisions to continue or terminate a pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis of a sex chromosome abnormality, as reported in published studies from 1987 to May 2011. Based on the Matrix Method for systematic reviews, 19 studies were found in five electronic databases, meeting specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Abstracted data were organized in a matrix. Alongside the search for factors influencing parental decisions, each study was judged on its methodological quality and assigned a methodological quality score. Decisions either to terminate or to continue a sex chromosome abnormality-affected pregnancy shared five similar factors: specific type of sex chromosome abnormality, gestational week at diagnosis, parents’ age, providers’ genetic expertise, and number of children/desire for (more) children.

Here, we present a mouse model in which a heterogeneous

course of Plasmodium yoelii lethal malaria infection is produced in a non-congenic ICR strain to allow comparison among different immunological and clinical outcomes. Three different disease courses were observed ranging from a fatal outcome, either early or late, to a self-resolved infection that conferred long-term immunity against re-infection. Qualitative and quantitative changes produced in leukocyte subpopulations NSC23766 concentration and cytokine profiles detected in peripheral blood during the first week of infection revealed that monocytes, dendritic cells and immature B cells were the main cell subsets present in highly-parasitized mice dying in the first week after infection. Besides, CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells expanded at an earlier time point in early deceased mice than in surviving mice and expressed higher levels of intracellular Foxp3 protein. In contrast, survivors showed a limited increase of cytokines release and stable circulating innate cells. From the second week of infection, mice that would die or survive showed similar immune profiles, although CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells number increased earlier in mice with the worst prognosis. In surviving mice the expansion of activated circulating T cell and switched-class

B cells with a long-term protective humoral response from the second infection week is remarkable. Our results demonstrate that the follow-up studies of immunological blood Z-DEVD-FMK parameters during a malaria infection can offer information about the course of the pathological

process and the Ricolinostat manufacturer immune response.”
“Incubation experiments were conducted using soil samples from a forested riparian wetland where we have previously observed anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction. Production of both nitrite and ferrous iron was measured repeatedly during incubations when the soil slurry was supplied with either ferrihydrite or goethite and ammonium chloride. Significant changes in the microbial community were observed after 180 days of incubation as well as in a continuous flow membrane reactor, using 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 454 pyrosequencing, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. We believe that one of the dominant microbial species in our system (an uncultured Acidimicrobiaceae bacterium A6), belonging to the Acidimicrobiaceae family, whose closest cultivated relative is Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum (with 92% identity) and Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans (with 90% identity), might play a key role in this anaerobic biological process that uses ferric iron as an electron acceptor while oxidizing ammonium to nitrite. After ammonium was oxidized to nitrite, nitrogen loss proceeded via denitrification and/or anammox.”
“Evidence from laboratory and field studies indicates that large portions lead to greater food and energy intake relative to small portions.

The total peritoneal surface area was (mean +/- A SE) 14,323.62 +/- A 824.37 cm(2). The two greater surfaces of peritoneum (39.21% of the total surface) correspond to the jejunum-ileum and its mesentery. The diaphragmatic 3-deazaneplanocin A peritoneum represented the greater area of parietal peritoneum. The supracolic surface was 4,487.46 +/- A 196.21 cm(2) (31.79 +/- A 1.50%) and the infracolic

one of 9,836.16 +/- A 732.67 cm(2) (68.21 +/- A 1.50%). An interesting result of this work is that the surface of the parietal peritoneum in the supracolic abdomen (1,786.67 +/- A 92.58 cm(2), 68.56%) is more than twice that of the infracolic region (756.62 +/- A 55.91 cm(2), 31.44%). The visceral peritoneal surface (81.89 +/- A 0.99% of the total) was much higher than that of the parietal peritoneum (18.11 +/- A 0.99%). This difference is 12 times bigger in the infracolic abdomen. The peritoneal surface area measured in this study in non-eviscerated cadavers represents more than 96% of the one estimated by the above-mentioned formulas.\n\nThe values shown in this paper would provide non-existing information for basic anatomy, and would contribute either to the study of pathologies involving the peritoneum or to PHA-739358 manufacturer their diagnosis and therapies.”
“A coned graph G is the union of a finite graph G and a star

on its vertices. In this paper, we show that the h-vector of the cycle matroid of G is the integral-vector of a pure multicomplex constructed from the partially edge-rooted forests in G. This result proves a conjecture by Stanley (1996) [6] in the case of the cycle matroid of coned graphs. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Soil mineral weathering may serve as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)). Increased weathering of soil minerals induced by elevated CO(2) concentration has been reported previously in temperate areas. However, this has not been well

documented for the tropics and subtropics. We used model forest ecosystems in open-top chambers to study the effects of CO(2) enrichment alone PFTα and together with nitrogen (N) addition on inorganic carbon (C) losses in the leachates. Three years of exposure to an atmospheric CO(2) concentration of 700 ppm resulted in increased annual inorganic C export through leaching below the 70 cm soil profile. Compared to the control without any CO(2) and N treatments, net biocarbonate C (HCO(3) (-)-C) loss increased by 42%, 74%, and 81% in the high CO(2) concentration treatment in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. Increased inorganic C export following the exposure to the elevated CO(2) was related to both increased inorganic C concentrations in the leaching water and the greater amount of leaching water. Net annual inorganic C (HCO(3) (-)-C and carbonate C: CO(3) (2-)-C) loss via the leaching water in the high CO(2) concentration chambers reached 48.0, 49.5, and 114.

The yield of one of the cross-linked products, with pBpa in place of Arg85 in gankyrin, was maximized for crystallization via optimization of the duration of complex exposure to 365 nm light. The structure revealed that the carbonyl group of the benzophenone Quisinostat solubility dmso of pBpa85 formed a covalent bond exclusively with the C gamma atom of Glu356 in S6C, showing the high selectivity of formation of cross-links by pBpa. In addition, the cross-linked structure exhibited little structural distortion from the native complex structure.

Our results demonstrated that cross-linking with site-specifically incorporated pBpa preserves the native binding mode and is useful for probing protein protein interactions.”
“In rodents, endurance training increases leptin sensitivity in skeletal muscle; however, little is known about the effects of exercise on the leptin signalling system in human skeletal muscle. Thus, to determine whether chronic muscle loading increases leptin receptor (OB-R170) protein expression, AZD1208 clinical trial body composition dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was assessed in nine professional male tennis players (24 +/- A 4 years old) and muscle biopsies were obtained from the dominant (DTB)

and non-dominant (NDTB) arm triceps brachii (TB), and also from the right vastus lateralis (VL). In each biopsy, the protein content of OB-R170, perilipin A, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation were determined by western blot. The DTB had 15% greater lean mass (P < 0.05) and 62% greater OB-R170 protein expression (P < 0.05) than the NDTB. SOCS3 and PTP1B protein expression was similar in both arms, while STAT3 phosphorylation was reduced in the NDTB. OB-R170 protein content was also higher in DTB than in VL (P < 0.05). Epigenetic signaling pathway inhibitors In summary, this study shows that the functional isoform of

the leptin receptor is up-regulated in the hypertrophied TB. The latter combined with the fact that both SOCS3 and PTP1B protein expression were unaltered is compatible with increased leptin sensitivity in this muscle. Our findings are also consistent with a role of leptin signalling in muscle hypertrophy in healthy humans.”
“Undulatory locomotion, a gait in which thrust is produced in the opposite direction of a traveling wave of body bending, is a common mode of propulsion used by animals in fluids, on land, and even within sand. As such, it has been an excellent system for discovery of neuromechanical principles of movement. In nearly all animals studied, the wave of muscle activation progresses faster than the wave of body bending, leading to an advancing phase of activation relative to the curvature toward the tail. This is referred to as “neuromechanical phase lags” (NPL).

After 8 weeks’ treatment, all mice were sacrificed. The cross-sectional area of atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic root was significantly larger and plaques were unstable in uremic mice, which was associated with a Treg/Teff

imbalance (Treg down-regulated/Teff up-regulated) compared with controls. Renal function and the percentage of Treg cells in splenocytes were negatively correlated in control and uremic mice that received vehicle. Treatment with pioglitazone dramatically inhibited AS progression, stabilized plaque and modulated the Treg/Teff imbalance (up-regulated Treg/down-regulated Teff) in uremic mice, without influencing serum lipid profiles and blood glucose. In vitro, oxidized low density lipoprotein this website induced a Treg/Teff imbalance in splenocytes from uremic mice. Pioglitazone modulated the imbalance by upregulating Treg cells and downregulating Teff cells. The former was not abolished by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma

antagonist GW9662, whereas the latter was completely abolished by GW9662.\n\nConclusion: Pioglitazone ameliorates accelerated AS in uremic apoE-/- mice, probably through PPAR gamma-independent and -dependent mechanisms to modulate the Treg/Teff imbalance. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The role of polymer (poly(vinylamine)) size (238-11000 units) on silicic acid condensation to yield soluble nanoparticles or composite precipitates has been explored by a combination of light scattering (static and dynamic), laser ablation combined with aerosol spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Soluble GSK621 solubility dmso nanoparticles or composite precipitates are formed according to the degree of polymerization of the

organic polymer and pH. Nanoparticles prepared in the presence of the highest molecular weight polymers have core-shell like structures with dense silica cores. Composite particles formed in the presence of polymers with extent of polymerization below 1000 consist of associates of several polymer-silica nanoparticles. The mechanism of stabilization of the “soluble” silica particles in the tens of nanometer size range involves cooperative interactions with the polymer chains which varies according to chain length and pH. www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7026.html An example of the use of such polymer-poly(silicic acid) nanoparticles in the generation of composite polymeric materials is presented. The results obtained have relevance to the biomimetic design of new composite materials based on silica and polymers and to increasing our understanding of how silica may be manipulated (stored) in the biological environment prior to the formation of stable mineralized structures. We suspect that a similar method of storing silicic acid in an active state is used in silicifying organisms, at least in diatom algae.”
“Previous studies have shown that antibodies from humans exposed continuously to malaria recognize the Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage antigen Pf332.

5 +/- 9.4 years, 53% male vs. 14.9 +/- 1.8 years, 63% male). A cardiothoracic surgical procedure occurred in 81.4% of admissions. Adult admissions weighed less than pediatric admissions (72.8 +/- 22.4 kg vs. 85.6 +/- 14.9 kg, P < .01) but hospital length of stay was similar. (Adult 6 days [range 1-216 days]; pediatric 5 days [Range 2-123 days], P = .52.)\n\nA total of 112 prescribing errors were identified and they occurred less often in adults (42.4% of admissions vs. 66.7% of admissions, P = .02). Adults had a lower mean number of errors (0.7 errors per adult admission vs. 1.7 errors per pediatric admission,

P < .01). Prescribing errors occurred most commonly with antimicrobials (n = 27). Underdosing was the most common category of prescribing error. Most prescribing errors were determined

to have not caused harm to the patient.\n\nConclusions\n\nPrescribing Crenigacestat cost errors occur frequently in adult patients admitted to a pediatric CVICU but occur more often in pediatric patients of adult weight.”
“Mice, similarly to some other rodent species, communicate with specialized sounds in the ultrasonic range called ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Evaluation of this behavioral activity RG-7388 enables estimation of the social interactions in animal models of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Because transgenic mouse models are generated, in most cases, on the mixed 129SV/C57BL6 genetic background, we were interested if parameters that

characterize USV differ between these two mouse strains. In addition, we wanted to compare these strains with the BALB/c line. In order to analyze USV, we applied the standard isolation test to newborn animals and compared standard parameters. Obtained results indicate clear differences between the 129SV and C57BL6 strains in respect to all analyzed USV parameters. Both strains behave also differently when compared with the BALB/c strain. For this reason in experiments utilizing transgenic animals, contribution of various genetic backgrounds has to be carefully considered.”
“Bioprocess model structures MK-8931 that require nonlinear parameter estimation, thus initialization values. are often subject to poor identification performances because of the uncertainty on those initialization values. Under some conditions on the model structure, it is possible to partially circumvent this problem by an appropriate decoupling of the linear part of the model from the nonlinear part of it. This article provides a procedure to be followed when these structural conditions are not satisfied. An original method for decoupling two sets Of parameters, namely, kinetic parameters from maximum growth, production, decay rates, and yield coefficients, is presented. It exhibits the advantage of requiring only initialization of the first subset of parameters.

(C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://0-dx.doi.org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1063/1.4712060]“
“Objectives To develop an electronic

registry of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated in a nephrology practice in order to provide clinically meaningful measurement and population management to improve rates of blood pressure (BP) control.\n\nMethods We combined data from multiple electronic sources: the billing system, structured fields in the electronic health record (EHR), and free text physician notes using natural language processing (NLP). We also used point-of-care worksheets to capture clinical rationale.\n\nResults Nephrologist billing accurately identified patients with CKD. Using

an algorithm that incorporated MK-2206 mw Selleckchem SBE-β-CD multiple BP readings increased the measured rate of control (130/80 mm Hg) from 37.1% to 42.3%. With the addition of NLP to capture BP readings from free text notes, the rate was 52.6%. Data from point-of-care worksheets indicated that in 52% of visits in which patients were identified as not having controlled BP, patients were actually at goal based on BP readings taken at home or on that day in the office.\n\nConclusions Building a method for clinically meaningful continuous performance measurement of BP control is possible, but will require data from multiple sources. Electronic measurement systems need to grow to be able to capture and process performance data from patients as well as in real-time from physicians.”
“A SNX-5422 cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 knockout mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated for the consequences of lignin synthesis perturbation on the assembly

of the cell walls.\n\nThe mutant displayed a dwarf phenotype and a strong collapse of its xylem vessels corresponding to lower lignin content and a loss of lignin units of the noncondensed type. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the transformation considerably impaired the capacity of interfascicular fibers and vascular bundles to complete the assembly of cellulose microfibrils in the S(2) layer, the S(1) layer remaining unaltered. Such disorder in cellulose was correlated with X-ray diffraction showing altered organization.\n\nSemi-quantitative immunolabeling of lignins showed that the patterns of distribution were differentially affected in interfascicular fibers and vascular bundles, pointing to the importance of noncondensed lignin structures for the assembly of a coherent secondary wall.\n\nThe use of laser capture microdissection combined with the microanalysis of lignins and polysaccharides allowed these polymers to be characterized into specific cell types. Wild-type A. thaliana displayed a two-fold higher syringyl to guaiacyl ratio in interfascicular fibers compared with vascular bundles, whereas this difference was less marked in the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 knockout mutant.