7%). Five patients underwent right internal jugular-to-femoral cannulation, and 4 required bifemoral cannulation. No intra-procedural deaths or major vascular complications requiring surgical or peripheral intervention occurred. Time from admission to pRVSD

implantation was 2.9 +/- 3.3 days, with an average of 6516 +/- 698 rotations/min, providing flow at 3.3 +/- 0.4 liters/min. Mean duration of pRVSD activation was 3.1 +/- 1.8 days. Compared with pre-procedural values, mean arterial pressure (57 +/- 7 vs 75 +/- 19 mm Hg, p < 0.05), right atrial pressure (22 +/- 3 vs 15 +/- 6 mm Hg, p < 0.05), cardiac BI-D1870 purchase index (1.5 +/- 0.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m(2), p < 0.05), mixed venous oxygen saturation (40 +/- 14 vs 58 +/- 4 percent, p < 0.05), and RV stroke work (3.4 this website +/- 3.9 vs 9.7 +/- 6.8 g m/beat, p < 0.05) improved. significantly within 24 hours of pRVSD implantation. In-hospital mortality was 44% (n = 4). Time from admission to pRVSD placement was lower in patients who survived to hospital discharge (0.9 +/- 0.8 days) vs non-survivors (4.8 +/- 3.5 days; p = 0.04). All survivors presented with IWMI.

CONCLUSION: Use of a pRVSD for MR-RVF is feasible and associated with improved hemodynamics. Algorithms promoting earlier pRVSD use in MR-RVF warrant further investigation. J Heart Lung

Transplant 2011;30:1360-7 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the CO2 concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb and the climate warmer by ca 2 degrees C. In these conditions, Epoxomicin research buy what contribution can increased crop yield make to feeding the world?

CO2 enrichment is likely to increase yields of most crops by approximately 13 per cent but leave yields of C4 crops unchanged. It will tend to reduce water consumption by all crops, but this effect will be approximately cancelled out by the effect of the increased temperature on evaporation rates. In many places

increased temperature will provide opportunities to manipulate agronomy to improve crop performance. Ozone concentration increases will decrease yields by 5 per cent or more.

Plant breeders will probably be able to increase yields considerably in the CO2-enriched environment of the future, and most weeds and airborne pests and diseases should remain controllable, so long as policy changes do not remove too many types of crop-protection chemicals. However, soilborne pathogens are likely to be an increasing problem when warmer weather will increase their multiplication rates; control is likely to need a transgenic approach to breeding for resistance. There is a large gap between achievable yields and those delivered by farmers, even in the most efficient agricultural systems. A gap is inevitable, but there are large differences between farmers, even between those who have used the same resources.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved analysis of 1,352 women aged 57 to 85 years from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Women with previous bilateral oophorectomy were compared with women Crenigacestat in vitro who retained their ovaries. The primary outcome of interest was self-report of sexual ideation, chosen because having thoughts about sexual experiences is not prohibited by either a partner or a woman’s own physical limitations.

RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-six (25.8%) women reported previous bilateral oophorectomy. Our analysis achieved 90% power to detect a difference of 10%

in sexual ideation. No significant difference in the report of sexual ideation was found between women with previous bilateral oophorectomy and women who retained their ovaries (54.5% and 95% confidence interval [CI] 48.1-61.0 compared with 49.9% and 95% CI 45.3-54.5, P=.230), even after adjusting for current hormone therapy, age, education, and race (adjusted odds ratio 1.32, 95% CI 0.96-1.80).

CONCLUSION: Bilateral oophorectomy may not play a pivotal role in sexual ideation and function among older women. (Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120:833-42)

DOI:http://10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826af3d1″
“Systemic AA amyloidosis is a serious complication of many chronic inflammatory disorders. Its association with Crohn’s disease implies that the inflammatory burden A-1210477 research buy is high enough for amyloid fibrils to form deposits in tissues. A case is presented in which this complication occurred while the patient was clinically well, with biological and endoscopic markers

showing an inactive or mildly active disease under anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate trends in good perinatal outcomes (singleton live births at term with birthweight more than 2,500 g) among live births after assisted reproductive technology in the United States from 2000 to 2008, and associated MCC950 cell line factors among singletons in 2008.

METHODS: Using retrospective cohort data from the National Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance System from 2000 to 2008, we calculated relative change and chi(2) tests for trend in the proportion of good perinatal outcomes among assisted reproductive technology live births (n=444,909) and liveborn singletons (n=222,500). We conducted univariable analyses followed by multiple logistic regression to estimate the effects of various characteristics on the outcome among singletons born in 2008 after fresh, nondonor assisted reproductive technology cycles (n=20,780).

RESULTS: The proportion of good perinatal outcomes among all liveborn neonates increased from 38.6% in 2000 to 42.5% in 2008, whereas it declined marginally among singletons from 83.6% to 83.4%. One previous birth, transfer of fewer than three embryos, and the presence of fewer than three fetal hearts on 6-week ultrasound examination were associated with good perinatal outcome among singletons.

0% were included. Efficacy analysis was performed on the intention-to-treat population with missing values imputed by last observation carried forward.

Results: More patients achieved A1C targets (<7.0% and <= 6.5%) with liraglutide versus exenatide or sitagliptin; the difference was greatest for A1C <= 6.5% (LEAD-6: 65% versus 35%; odds ratio [OR]=3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-8.63; P = .01 or LIRA-DPP-4:

53% versus 19%; OR = 4.78, 95% CI 2.10 to 10.87; P = .0002). Significantly more patients achieved a composite endpoint of A1C <7.0% with no weight gain or hypoglycemia with liraglutide compared with exenatide (78% versus 42%; OR = 4.99, 95% CI: 1.77 to 14.04; P = .0023) or sitagliptin (61% versus selleck chemical BMN 673 manufacturer 21%; OR = 5.95, 95% CI: 2.66 to 13.29; P<.0001). All treatments were well tolerated, there was no major hypoglycemia and few patients (8 to 10%) experienced minor hypoglycemia.

Conclusion: When added to metformin in patients with an A1C <8.0%, more patients using liraglutide 1.8 mg reached A1C targets than with exenatide or sitagliptin. Sitagliptin

had particularly low efficacy in this analysis. These data support the use of liraglutide 1.8 mg as a safe and effective alternative to sitagliptin or exenatide following metformin failure in patients with an A1C <8.0%. (Endocr Pract. 2013; 19: 64-72)”
“Many of the developmental anomalies observed in cloned animals are related to foetal and placental overgrowth, a phenomenon known as the ‘large offspring syndrome’ (LOS) in ruminants. It has been hypothesized that the epigenetic control of imprinted genes, that is, genes that are expressed in a parental-specific manner, is at the root of LOS. Our recent research has focused on understanding find more epigenetic alterations to

imprinted genes that are associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as early embryo in vitro culture (IVC) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in cattle. We have sought and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in Bos indicus DNA useful for the analysis of parental-specific alleles and their respective transcripts in tissues from hybrid embryos derived by crossing Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. By analysing differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes SNRPN, H19 and the IGF2R in cattle, we demonstrated that there is a generalized hypomethylation of the imprinted allele and the biallelic expression of embryos produced by SCNT when compared to the methylation patterns observed in vivo (artificially inseminated). Together, these results indicate that imprinting marks are erased during the reprogramming of the somatic cell nucleus during early development, indicating that such epigenetic anomalies may play a key role in mortality and morbidity of cloned animals.”
“Food allergy is a growing health concern in the westernized world with approx.6% of children suffering from it.

epidermidis ATCC 35984 and the clinical strain S. epidermidis 37IINL. The obtained values of MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) were: 0.625 mg/mL of alpha-pinene for both strains, 0.312 and 0.625 mg/mL of EO, while 1.5 and 2.5 mg/mL of thymol as a reference substance for S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 and S. epidermidis 37IINL planktonic cells respectively. The lowest 80 concentration completely inhibiting the biofilm formation (MBIC – minimal

biofilm inhibitory concentration) for both strains was 0.625 mg/mL; alpha-pinene DAPT research buy caused the same result at a slightly higher concentration with MBIC = 1.25 mg/mL. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to be involved in pathogenic mechanisms that underlie complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I), the role of ROS in the central mechanism of CRPS is not fully understood.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated whether ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine Go6983 (NAC) was capable of attenuating mechanical allodynia and whether pain was decreased through modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in a chronic postischemia pain (CPIP) animal model that mimics the symptoms of CRPS-I.

METHODS:

Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 5 different groups: (1) sham rats

and CPIP rats treated with (2) vehicle; (3) NAC 30 mg/kg; (4) NAG 100 mg/kg; and (5) NAG 300 mg/kg intraperitoneally at 15 minutes before reperfusion. CPIP was generated after a 3-hour ischemia/reperfusion injury on the hind limb using a tight fitting O-ring. Then, mechanical paw-withdrawal thresholds to von Frey stimuli were assessed before ischemia (baseline), at 4 hours; 1, 3, and 5 days; and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after reperfusion. Another set of 5 animal groups in the same categories was used to determine phosphorylated NMDA receptor 1 subunit (pNR1) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral L4/6 spinal cord at 3 days after reperfusion.

RESULTS: The sham group showed no significant difference in pain thresholds over NVP-BSK805 datasheet 4 weeks. With NAG treatment, the pain thresholds measured after reperfusion increased significantly, and this increase lasted 4 weeks after reperfusion compared with the vehicle group (P < 0.01 on the ipsilateral side and P < 0.05 on the contralateral side). The relative density of pNR1 at 3 days after reperfusion in NAG-treated rats decreased significantly compared with that of the vehicle group (all, P < 0.001). The NAG dose was significantly correlated not only with paw-withdrawal threshold (p = 0.979; P < 0.001) but also with the relative density of pNR1 (p = 0.875; P < 0.001).

Doctors repaired OASIS after attending a training workshop. The learn more external anal sphincter was repaired by the end-to-end technique when partially divided and the overlap method when completely divided. Endoanal ultrasound was performed prior to suturing and 7 weeks later. A validated bowel symptom questionnaire was completed prior to delivery, at 7 weeks postpartum, and at 1 year postpartum.

Fifty-nine women sustained OASIS. At 7 weeks, six (10%) had a defect on ultrasound. There was no significant deterioration in symptoms

of fecal urgency, incontinence, or quality of life at 1 year after delivery.

The 1-year outcome after repair of OASIS appears to be good when repaired by doctors after structured training.”
“We have studied the temperature dependence of the visible fluorescence lines of 250

nm large PbF(2) nanocrystals codoped with Er(3+) and Yb(3+) ions. By gluing this website such a particle at the end of a sharp atomic force microscope tip, we have developed a scanning thermal microscope able to observe the heating of electrically excited micro- and nanowires. By modulating the electrical current that flows in the structure, the resulting temperature variations modulate the particle fluorescence giving rise to the thermal contrast. We will show that the fluorescence is affected both by the near-field optical distribution and by temperature variations. We will show that it is possible to get rid of these optical effects and to keep the thermal contribution by comparing the images to reference

images obtained when the device is not driven by a current. The determination of the temperature of the devices is performed by analyzing the thermal quenching of the fluorescent particle and is in good agreement with numerical simulations. The spatial resolution is in the range of the fluorescent particle size (smaller than 500 nm), and the temperature sensitivity is smaller than 5 K. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3233940]“
“The purpose of this study is to examine the inter-observer reliability of the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) system in left lateral position.

Women attending urogynaecology outpatient clinics were examined in the left lateral position using a digital examination and POP-Q. This PF-4708671 clinical trial was repeated separately by a second blinded clinician. The inter-observer agreement was calculated using the Cohen’s kappa coefficient. The POP-Q examination was then performed with a woman lying in dorsal lithotomy position. The POP-Q findings in the two positions were compared.

Two hundred and eighteen women were recruited. The digital examination had a moderate inter-observer reliability with a kappa value of 0.54. The POP-Q showed a high degree of reliability (0.88). There was a high degree of correlation between the POP-Q findings in left lateral and lithotomy position (rho > 0.95, p < 0.001).

1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6-23.4), increased ACY-241 supplier umbilical artery resistance at 30 weeks of gestation (OR 12.6, 95% CI 4.6-34.1) or 34 weeks of gestation (OR 28.0, 95% CI 8.9-87.7), reduced middle cerebral artery resistance at 30 weeks of gestation (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.96) or 34 weeks of gestation (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.74), lower gestational age at delivery (mean 32.02 weeks of gestation compared with 38.02 weeks of gestation; P<.001), and higher perinatal complications (OR 21.5, 95% CI 10.544.2). In addition, 89.2% of newborns with pathologic fetal growth were admitted

to neonatal intensive care units compared with 25.9% of those with normal growth.

CONCLUSIONS: Fetal growth trajectory analysis reliably differentiated fetuses with a pathologic growth pattern among a group of women with growth-restricted fetuses. With further development, this approach could provide clarity to how we define, identify, and ultimately manage pathologic fetal growth.”
“BACKGROUND:

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a promising technology Foretinib datasheet that respects the environment, destroys wastes and allows energy recovery. This process has been applied to many model compounds and real wastewaters at laboratory scale. However, SCWO treatments at pilot plant scale of real wastewaters are scarce. The application of this technology to industrial wastewaters has drawbacks such as corrosion, salt deposition and high cost, so industrial scale-up has been delayed.

RESULTS: In a first stage, for safety reasons the feasibility of SCWO applied to flammable industrial wastewaters was evaluated at laboratory scale in an isothermal plug flow reactor with low concentrations (3-10 g COD L(-1)), at a constant pressure of 250 bar and at different temperatures in the range 350-500 degrees C. In a second stage, experiments were conducted with much higher concentrations

(20-90 g COD L(-1)) in a SCWO reactor at pilot plant scale. Experiments at pilot plant scale demonstrated the possibility of working under autothermal conditions and the results were used to estimate the treatment costs for a SCWO plant with a capacity of 1 m(3) h(-1).

CONCLUSION: Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of using a SCWO process to treat flammable industrial wastewater at pilot plant scale due to the absence of operational drawbacks related ACY-241 Epigenetics inhibitor to the flammability of this wastewater, such as plugging, pressurization or preheating problems and uncontrolled reactions (explosion, etc.). The economic feasibility was demonstrated, especially bearing in mind the energy recovery optimization. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry”
“To describe factors associated with early treatment of migraine, and to examine reasons patients do not treat early, this cross-sectional observational study email-recruited migraineurs a parts per thousand yen18-years-old who were currently prescribed acute migraine medication.

“
“The

growth orientation dependence of strain relaxation and the dielectric properties were investigated for (001)- and (111)-epitaxial (Ba,Sr)TiO3 films. The films were deposited on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 and SrTiO3 substrates using rf magnetron sputtering. The residual strain was found to be remarkably different between the two orientations, although these lattice mismatches are identical; the strain relaxation of the (001)-epitaxial films is significantly slower than that of the (111)-epitaxial films and is promoted only when the growth rate is very low (<= 5 nm/h). The observed orientation dependence is discussed with the surface energy for both growth orientations, which influences the growth mode of

the films. Due to the large contrast of the strain in the (001)- and (111)-epitaxial films, the paraelectric to ferroelectric phase transition temperature of the (001)-epitaxial films Compound Library in vitro is much higher than that of unstrained bulks, while the (111)-epitaxial films show a phase transition temperature corresponding to that of unstrained bulks regardless of the growth rates. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3581203]“
“BACKGROUND: The objective of lung transplantation (LTx) is to prolong life, but the survival benefit for patients with severe alpha(1)-anti-trypsin deficiency (PiZZ) and emphysema is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether Pin patients who have undergone Kinase Inhibitor Library solubility dmso lung transplantation (the lung transplant group, TxG) do better than patients who have continued on the usual medical therapy (the non-transplant group, NTxG).

METHODS: Between 1990, when the first patient received a lung transplant in Sweden, until CA4P cost June 2010, a total of 83 PiZZ patients with severe emphysema underwent transplantation. Seventy

appropriate controls were identified from the Swedish National AAT Deficiency Registry. Each control was matched with a patient who had received a lung transplant, for age, gender, smoking history (number of pack-years) and lung function at the time of transplantation.

RESULTS: Both controls and lung transplant patients had low spirometric values with a mean FEV1 of 23 +/- 6% and 22 +/- 9% of predicted value, respectively (not a statistically significant difference). Of the 83 transplant patients, 62 (75%) underwent single-lung transplantation (SLTx). During follow-up, 37 (45%) deaths occurred in the TxG and 45 (64%) in the NTxG. In the TxG, the estimated median survival time was 11 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 9 to 14 years), compared with 5 years (95% CI 4 to 6 years) for the NTxG (p = 0.006). The most common cause of death was pulmonary infection among the transplant patients (38%) and respiratory failure (60%) among the controls.

Conclusions: Regional ablation at the anatomic sites of the left atrial GP can be safely performed and enables maintenance of sinus rhythm in 71% of patients with paroxysmal AF for a 12-month period. (PACE 2010; 33:1231-1238).”
“A technique for placing a sutured intraocular lens (IOL) in post-vitrectomy eyes is described. A foldable acrylic IOL (Akreos) is sutured to the sclera with 4-point fixation via a standard Foretinib cost cataract incision, avoiding the large incision needed for nonfoldable IOLs, which would represent extra risk in eyes with no internal support. Postoperative results in 2 cases were significant for quick recovery and minimal complications.”
“Electronic properties of compressively

strained InGaAs/InP vertically stacked multiple quantum wires were investigated using an six-band strain-dependent k.p Hamiltonian. The strain tensor epsilon(yy) (epsilon(xx)) is found to relax from its initial strain. The amount of relaxation is dependent on the number of wire layers in the vertical stack and increases with the number of wire layers. The interband transition energy also decreases with the number of wire layers. This is mainly attributed to the

decrease in the conduction band energy because subband energies in the PRN1371 ic50 valence band are nearly independent of the strain. The matrix element is shown to slightly decrease with increasing number of the wire layer in the vertical stack. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3456073]“
“Objective: To develop a protocol that allows estimation of the potential Ricolinostat purchase for, and avoidance of, esophageal heating.

Methods: In consecutive patients who underwent PV isolation, a thermal probe was used to monitor T degrees fluctuations in the esophagus during application of RF energy. The tip

of the thermal probe was positioned at the level of the targeted PV and RF was discontinued for T degrees rise > 0.5 degrees C. The proximity of individual PVs to the esophagus was measured from the temperature probe tip to the closest posterior part of the Lasso catheter from review of biplane projections (left anterior oblique 60 degrees and right anterior oblique 30 degrees). These raw distances were entered into the Pythagorean theorem and the actual distance between the esophageal thermal probe and PV antrum was determined.

Results: The study cohort included 44 patients (60 +/- 11 years, 61% male, 57% lone AF). The thermal probe in the esophagus was closer to the left-sided PVs (left common pulmonary vein: 20.9 +/- 13 mm, left upper pulmonary vein: 20.5 +/- 11 mm, left lower pulmonary vein: 23.4 +/- 10 mm) than the right-sided ones (right common pulmonary vein: 31.0 +/- 11 mm, right upper pulmonary vein: 41.9 +/- 18 mm, right lower pulmonary vein: 34.5 +/- 16 mm). A T degrees increase > 0.5 degrees C occurred during 116/1,495 (7.8%) deliveries.

RESULTS: Results showed that the performance of food waste composting was significantly different in systems with UA amendment and without UA amendment. Treatment with UA addition was the first to reach the thermophilic phase. Dibutyryl-cAMP More intensive mass reduction took place in the UA-amended treatments at an early stage. The variations of pH and O2 uptake were also correlated with the added UA. A decreasing trend in C/N ratio and a general increasing trend for NH4+-N concentration were observed when UA was added. CONCLUSIONS: The overall effect of UA can be assumed to be the sum of a large number of individual events with different mechanisms.

Appropriate strategies could be applied to adjust the composting process, mediating both selleck chemical positive and negative effects of the coexistence of food waste and UA as well as manure. The results from this study may have important implications for composting technologies used to treat food waste. Copyright (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Background: Poor wound-healing and skin necrosis

are potentially devastating complications after total knee arthroplasty. Primary soft-tissue coverage with a medial or lateral gastrocnemius transposition flap is typically the first choice for reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a distally based secondary-pedicle flap of the gracilis muscle for reconstruction of a soft-tissue defect.

Methods: The characteristics of the distally based (secondary) pedicles of the gracilis muscle were studied with use of dissection

(ten cadavers) and computed tomographic angiograms (fifty patients). On the basis of the anatomical features, Selleck MK-0518 an extended reversed gracilis flap based on the secondary pedicles was used in three patients with severe soft-tissue complications of total knee arthroplasty.

Results: The mean number of secondary pedicles was 1.8 (range, one to four). The pedicles originated from the superficial femoral or popliteal artery. The most proximal pedicle was often the largest (mean caliber, 2.0 mm), and its point of entry into the gracilis muscle was an average (and standard deviation) of 21 +/- 3.6 cm (range, 16 to 28 cm) from the ischiopubic branch. A significant positive association (p = 0.001; r(2) = 0.49) was found between the caliber of the proximal secondary pedicle and the number of other secondary pedicles. In all three patients, the adequate caliber of the secondary pedicles (as shown on preoperative computed tomographic angiograms) and good muscle vascularization confirmed the utility of the gracilis as a distally based pedicle flap.

Conclusions: For the treatment of large soft-tissue defects of the patella or the proximal part of the knee, or for soft-tissue reconstruction over an exposed total knee prosthesis, the reversed gracilis pedicle flap may be an alternative to, or may be integrated with, a lateral or medial gastrocnemius flap.

Some of these could be modified to possibly reduce the incidence of the condition. (C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: To advance the understanding of the relationship between maternal perinatal depression and child overweight, we used appropriate methodology to account for missing data; incorporated three exposure time points; and included adequate Selleckchem CP690550 covariate adjustment in a large, sociodemographically diverse sample.

Study Design and Setting: We used data from 6,782 mother-child pairs in a prospective population-based study. Maternal depression was assessed with the Brief Symptom Inventory at midpregnancy and 2 and 6 months postpartum. Child height and weight were measured at 36 months of age and converted to body mass index (BMI) z-scores. We compared the complete-case and multiple imputation (MI) analyses.

Results: Fully adjusted complete-case ML323 nmr models showed a positive association between depression at 2 months postpartum and child BMI z-score (beta = 0.19 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.03, 0.36]; n = 1,732), and no association between prenatal depression or 6-month postpartum depression and child BMI. Using MI (n = 6,782), there was no association between perinatal depression and child BMI at any time point.

Conclusions: Our study adds evidence

that postpartum depression is not associated with child growth across the population in high-income countries. Our results highlight the importance of appropriate handling of missing data, adequate covariate control, and the value of studying the conditions

that have produced conflicting evidence regarding perinatal depression and child weight. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review

There is buy THZ1 currently limited ability to identify which infants and young children with recurrent wheezing will ultimately develop persistent asthma. In addition, it is not clear how risk factors influence the development of asthma in later childhood and adulthood. This review will discuss efforts to categorize these children with recurrent wheezing and develop asthma-predictive tools.

Recent findings

Transient and persistent wheezing phenotypes have been identified with atopy, reduced lung function, and viral and bacterial respiratory infection as major risk factors for persistence of asthma. Children with severe asthma tend to have greater magnitude of atopy and lower lung function than those with mild-moderate asthma. These phenotypes and risk factors have been described in previous studies and are supported by the recent literature.

Summary

Heterogeneity of wheezing phenotypes may account for different responses to treatment and varied outcomes. Overlap in phenotypes and instability over time also add additional challenges to defining discrete groups of children with specific outcomes.